Tiêu đề 01 AbPsy - Introduction to Abnormal Psychology.pdf ✅

01 – Introduction to Abnormal Psychology ABPSY | 2024 - 2025 | NOT FOR SALE OUTLINE 1. Understanding Psychopathology a. Defining Abnormal Behavior b. Characteristics of a Mental Disorder c. Science of Psychopathology d. Describing Abnormal Behavior 2. The Supernatural Tradition a. Early Demonology b. Stress and Melancholy c. The Dark Ages 3. The Biological Tradition a. Hippocrates and Galen b. The 19th Century c. The Development of Biological Treatments 4. The Psychological Tradition a. Moral Therapy b. Asylum Reform and the Decline of Moral Therapy c. Psychoanalytic Theory d. Humanistic Theory e. The Behavioral Model 5. The Scientific Method and an Integrative Approach UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Psychopathology – study of the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders ● A Psychological Disorder is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that causes personal distress or disability that is not typical or culturally expected Accdg. To the DSM, psychological disorders are behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment ● It is usually determined based on the presence of several characteristics at one time ● No single characteristic can fully define the concept CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTAL DISORDER (4 D’s) Psychological Dysfunction Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Internal mechanism is unable to perform its usual function (ex. Being happy during a car accident) Personal Distress Must cause clinically significant distress (requires clinical judgment) (ex. Antisocial Personality Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa) Disability Impairment in some important area of life Interference in the normal functioning of the person Violation of Social Norms (Deviance) Reaction is outside cultural norms because it occurs infrequently Deviates from the average SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ● Developmental Psychopathology is the study of changes in abnormal behavior ● Etiology is the study of origins ○ Includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions Profession Role Description PhD Clinical & Counseling Psychologists Heavy emphasis on research, statistics, neuroscience, and empirically based study of human behavior Considered a research degree PsyD Clinical & Counseling Doctors of Psychology Similar to a PhD but has less emphasis on research Mainly focused on clinical training RPsy Registered Psychologists Provide counseling/therapy, and work in any area of psychology within their scope of practice RPm Registered Psychometricians Mainly responsible for administering and scoring psychological tests Psychological reports are often prepared based on the results Other tasks include conducting intake interviews 1 | @studywithky

STRESS AND MELANCHOLY ● Insanity was considered as a curable and natural phenomenon caused by mental / emotional stress ● Despair and lethargy were identified with the sin of arcadia / sloth ● Nicholas Oresme, a chief advisor in the 14th century, suggested that depression (disease of melancholy) was the source of some abnormal behaviors THE DARK AGES AND DEMONOLOGY ● Society regressed back to the belief that mental disorders were caused by the supernatural ● Christian monasteries replaced physicians as healers and authorities of mental health ● Many believed that witchcraft and magic was an act of heresy, which led to the infamous Witch Trials in the 14th through 15th century ○ Those accused of witchcraft were tortured/persecuted, as ordered by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484 due to social unrest ○ In the 13th century, hospitals were built under secular jurisdiction to keep the “mad safe until they are restored of reason” ○ Lunacy Trials were also conducted to protect individuals with mental illness ○ Lunacy – coined by Paracelsus, a Swiss physician who believed that odd behavior was attributed to the misalignment of the moon and stars THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN Hippocrates – father of modern medicine, rejected the Greek belief that gods sent mental disturbances as punishment ● He argued that the brain is an organ of consciousness, intellectual life, and emotion capable of brain pathology / trauma ● Introduced the study of Humorology, a system of medicine that determined human temperament ● Coined the word hysteria (wandering uterus), now known as the somatic symptom disorders Galen – built upon the study of Humorology and proposed the Humoral Theory of Disorders to explain disordered thinking ● Imbalance in the 4 Humors led to certain illnesses dependent upon which humors were in excess or deficit ● Treatment involved regulating the environment to increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold Humor Type Source Personality Yellow Bile Choleric Gallbladder Passionate, ambitious, energetic, assertive, determined, and aggressive Black Bile Melancholic Spleen Introversion, introspectio n, and prone to moodiness or sadness Blood Sanguine Heart Cheerful, optimistic, sociable, enthusiastic , warm & outgoing, and seeks excitement & pleasure Phlegm Phlegmatic Brain Calm, sluggishnes s, easygoing, laid back, reserved, peaceful, and unemotiona l THE 19TH CENTURY Syphilis – sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain ● Include delusions of persecution and grandeur ● Now known as advanced syphilis ● General Paresis: a subgroup of psychotic patients deteriorated steadily, becoming paralyzed and dying within 5 years of onset ● Louis Pasteur: germ theory of disease John P. Grey ● Most influential American psychiatrist of the time ● Precursor of the current American Journal of Psychiatry ● Argued that causes of insanity were always physical and that the mentally ill should be treated as physically ill ● Invented the rotary fan to ventilate his large hospital THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ● Emergence of electric shock and brain surgery as treatment for disordered thinking ● Manfred Sakel ○ Developed the Insulin Shock Therapy 3 | @studywithky