Tiêu đề 1. CHE SOLUTIONS VOL-1 1 -109 final.pdf ✅

IX–Chemistry (Vol – I) Olympiad Text Book 1 Narayana Group of Schools Olympiad Class Work Book Solutions Raoult’s law Colligative properties Van’t Hoff theory of dilute solutions Types of solutions Ideal solutions Relative lowering of vapour presue Boyle-van’t Hoff law Ostwald and Walker’s method Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions Types of ideal solutions Weight to weight percentage Weight to volume percentage Volume to volume percentage Volume to weight percentage PPM Molarity Molality Normality Formality Methods of expressing concentration of solution Solubility of the solute Non-ideal solutions Elivation of boiling point Gay Lussac Van’t Hoff law Depression in freezing point Avogadro Van’t Hoff Law Osmotic pressure Vant Hoff’s factor Solubility curves Azeotropic mixture Solubility of gas Types of Non-ideal solutions Types of Azeotropic mixtures Henry’s law CONCEPT FLOW CHART
IX–Chemistry (Vol–I) 2 Narayana Group of Schools Olympiad Class Work Book François - Marie Raoult 1830 – 1901 Raoult’s name is best known in connection with work on solutions, to which he devoted the last two decades of his life. His first paper describing how solutes depressed the freezing points of solutions was published in 1878. Further experiments with various solvents, such as benzene and acetic acid, in addition to water, led him to believe in a simple relation between the molecular weights of a solute and the freezing-point of a solution. He expressed the relationship as the loi générale de la congélation (general law of freezing), that if one molecule of a substance be dissolved in 100 molecules of any given solvent, the temperature of solidification of the latter will be lowered by 0.63 °C. Another relation on which Raoult worked was that concerning the depression of a solvent’s vapor pressure, due to a solute, show- ing that the decrease is proportional to the solute’s molecular weight.
IX–Chemistry (Vol – I) Olympiad Text Book 3 Narayana Group of Schools Olympiad Class Work Book SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS,VARIOUS TYPES OF SOLUTIONS & CONCENTRATION TERMS Solution : “A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, whose composition may be varied with in certain limits”. A solution has two essential components they are solute and solvent. Example : (i) A solution of water and sugar is called syrup (ii) A solution of sodium chloride (common table salt) in water is called brine. Binary solution: One Solute + One Solvent (Two Components) Ex: Salt in Water Ternary Solution: Two Solutes + One Solvent (Three Components) Ex: Salt & Sugar in water Quaternary Solution: Three Solutes + One Solvent (Four Components) Ex: Salt, KCl & Sugar in water Solute: The component present in lesser quantity in a solution is referred as solute. Solvent: The component present in larger quantity, generally in any solution is referred as solvent. Types of solution : I. Solutions can be classified based on the physical state of solute and solvent. Since there are three and theoretically nine possible types of solutions. Three types of solutions are possible when a liquid is the solvent, since the solute may be a gas, a liquid or a solid. Similarly, three types of solutions are possible when the solvent is a gas and three types of solutions when the solvent is a solid. Various types of solutions with examples: Type of the Solution Solute Solvent Example Gaseous solutions Gas Gas Mixture of gases air Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas, fog Solid Gas Carbon in air Liquid Solutions Gas Liquid Oxygen in water, Soda water Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water Solid Liquid Glucose in water, sugar in water Solid solution Gas Solid Hydrogen adsorbed on palladium Liquid Solid Mercury in gold(Amalgam) Solid Solid Metal alloys (Brass, Zn and Cu)
IX–Chemistry (Vol–I) 4 Narayana Group of Schools Olympiad Class Work Book II. Classification of solutions based on the quantity of solute present in a given solution. a) Sat urat ed solut i on: A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure is called saturated solution. b) Unsaturated solution: A solution in which some more solute can be dissolved at same temperature and pressure is called unsaturated solution. c) Supersaturated solution: A solution in which more solute is dissolved than its saturation level by increasing temperature or pressure is called supersaturated solution. III. Classification of solutions based on the relative amount of solute present in a given solution. a) Dilute solution: A solution containing relatively very small quantity of solute is called dilute solution. b) Concentrated solution: A solution containing relatively very large quantity of solute is called concentrated solution. IV. Classification of solutions depending on the solvent. a) Aqueous solutions: In this type, water acts as a solvent. b) Non–Aqueous solutions: In this type, substance other than water (alcohol, 3 4 6 6 CHCl CCl C H , , ) acts as a solvent. Methods of expressing concentration of solution : “Concentration of solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a known amount of the solvent or solution”. The concentration of solution can be expressed in various ways as follows, (i) Mass percentage ( / ) W w % (ii) Volume percentage ( / ) V v (iii) Mass to volume percentage ( / ) W v % (iv) Volume to mass percentage ( / ) V w % (v) Parts per million ( ) ppm (vi) Parts per billion ( ) ppb (vii) Strength of solution (viii) Molarity ( ) M (ix) Formality ( ) F (x) Molality ( ) m (xi) Normality ( ) N (xii) Mole fraction ( ) X