Tiêu đề Prahaar Summary 2025_Social Justice_E-Book.pdf ✅

SOCIAL JUSTICE 1. VULNERABLE SECTIONS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE India’s caste-based structure results in deep inequalities linked to caste, gender, disability, and poverty. Ê These overlapping disadvantages limit access to healthcare and opportunity. Ê The government and NGOs are working to reduce these disparities. Vulnerability Definition: Proneness to harm due to external forces. Ê Vulnerable Sections: Disadvantaged in multiple domains, needing targeted support. Ê Characteristics: Collective vulnerability; Socio-cultural and economic causes; Structured and systematic. Ê Classification: GOI Act 1935: SC, ST, OBC. Ê Expanded Groups: Now includes women, elderly, disabled, and sexual minorities. Ê Affected Communities: SCs, STs, women, children, migrants, sexual minorities, HIV+ people. Challenges Faced by Vulnerable Sections Ê Scheduled Tribes: Forest conflicts, poverty, exploitation, low literacy, poor health access. Ê Women: Workplace inequality, violence (4.45 lakh cases in 2022) Female foeticide, early marriage, maternal deaths Ê Scheduled Castes: Denied services, untouchability, education barriers. Ê Minorities: Communal tensions, cultural loss, underrepresentation. Ê Rural Population: Economic exclusion, poor employment, health services. Ê Senior Citizens: Digital illiteracy, rural neglect, isolation Ê Persons with Disabilities: Discrimination, lack of infrastructure and support. Concept of Social Empowerment Ê Meaning: Enabling disadvantaged groups to control life areas and make informed choices. Ê Need: Reduce inequality, boost self-efficacy; Ensure inclusion and equity; Enhance engagement and well- being; Promote innovation and challenge norms Significance of Welfare Schemes Ê Poverty Reduction: e.g., MGNREGA helped 110+ million. Ê Economic Growth: e.g., PM Gati Shakti boosts logistics. Ê Human Capital: e.g., PM-JAY covers 500+ million. Ê Public Goods: e.g., Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan improved school access. Ê Crisis Resilience: e.g., PMGKP supported vulnerable during COVID-19. Limitations of Welfare Schemes in India (UPSC 2019) Ê Inclusion/Exclusion Errors: Genuine beneficiaries miss out; e.g., 4.4 Cr ghost ration cards. Ê Static Beneficiary Lists: Lack of updates causes inefficiency. Ê Corruption and Leakages: Weak accountability lowers impact. Ê Output-Oriented Approach: Focus on assets over real outcomes. Ê Lack of Awareness: Many unaware of entitlements (e.g., MGNREGA, PDS). Ê Limited Community Participation: Seen as passive recipients, not stakeholders. Ê Poor Scheme Design: Temporary relief like MGNREGA doesn’t address root causes. Ê Welfare Dependency: Excessive reliance weakens motivation. Measures Need to be Taken Ê Awareness Campaigns: Improve understanding of entitlements. Ê Targeted Implementation: Cater to diverse community needs. Ê Efficient Monitoring: E.g., track ICDS for timely delivery. Ê Accountability Mechanisms: Strengthen grievance redressal. Ê Technological Integration: Use DBT, GIS to cut leakages. Ê Stakeholder Engagement: Involve local bodies/NGOs.. Ê Regular Evaluation: Periodic audits to improve design. Social Justice Ê Definition: Fair distribution of growth, rights, and resources. Ê World Day of Social Justice: Feb 20 promotes dialogue on reducing inequalities. Principles of Social Justice: Gender Equality; Human Rights; Equity; Promotion of Peace; Participation