Tiêu đề 25. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL SOFTWARE.pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION:  SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is widely used statistical analysis software designed for data management, statistical tests, and graphical representation. It is used in pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, epidemiology, and healthcare studies.  Originally developed in 1968, SPSS was later acquired by IBM in 2009. It provides a user-friendly interface that allows users to perform complex statistical analyses without requiring programming knowledge. 2. SPSS INTERFACE AND COMPONENTS: The SPSS interface consists of several key components that allow users to manage and analyze data efficiently. a) DATA VIEW AND VARIABLE VIEW:  Data View – Displays the dataset in a spreadsheet format, where rows represent cases (observations) and columns represent variables.  Variable View – Allows users to define variable names, types, and properties (e.g., numerical, categorical). b) MENU BAR: The menu bar provides access to different functions: MENU FUNCTION File Open, save, and import/export data. Edit Modify data, copy, paste, undo, redo. View Customize display settings. Data Sort, merge, transform data. Transform Compute new variables, recode values. Analyze Perform statistical tests like t-tests, ANOVA, regression. Graphs Create histograms, scatter plots, box plots. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL SOFTWARE SPSS
PHARMD GURU Page 2 Utilities Access data properties and reports. Add-ons Extend functionality with additional modules. Help Provides documentation and support. c) OUTPUT VIEWER:  Displays results of statistical tests in tables, graphs, and charts.  Users can edit and export reports for documentation. d) SYNTAX EDITOR:  Allows users to write and execute SPSS syntax (commands) for advanced analysis.  Useful for automating repetitive tasks and customizing analyses. 1.FEATURES OF SPSS: FEATURE DESCRIPTION Data Management Supports importing/exporting data from Excel, CSV, SQL. Descriptive Statistics Computes mean, median, standard deviation, and frequency distributions. Inferential Statistics Includes t-tests, ANOVA, regression, correlation, and Chi-square tests. Graphical Representation Generates bar charts, histograms, scatter plots, and box plots. Regression Analysis Predicts relationships between variables using linear and multiple regression. Survival Analysis Used in clinical research to study patient survival rates. Non-Parametric Tests Supports Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman tests. 2. STEPS IN USING SPSS FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:  Data Entry: Open SPSS and enter data manually or import from external sources (Excel, CSV, SQL).  Variable Definition: Define variable names, types (numeric, string), and measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, scale).  Data Cleaning: Check for missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies.  Descriptive Statistics: Compute summary measures such as mean, median, standard deviation.  Perform Statistical Tests: Conduct t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, or regression based on study requirements.  Data Visualization: Generate graphs and charts for better interpretation.
PHARMD GURU Page 3  Result Interpretation: Analyze SPSS output tables and make conclusions.  Report Generation: Export results into Word, Excel, or PDF format. 5. APPLICATIONS OF SPSS IN PHARMACY AND HEALTHCARE: a) CLINICAL TRIALS AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT:  Analyzing patient response to new drugs.  Comparing drug efficacy between treatment groups.  Performing dose-response analysis. b) PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND DRUG SAFETY:  Detecting adverse drug reactions (ADR).  Studying medication adherence and side effects.  Evaluating long-term drug safety using survival analysis. c) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES:  Identifying risk factors for diseases.  Analyzing disease incidence and prevalence.  Conducting pandemic and outbreak investigations. d) HOSPITAL AND PATIENT DATA ANALYSIS:  Monitoring hospital readmission rates.  Evaluating treatment success rates.  Studying patient satisfaction and compliance. 6. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF SPSS: a) ADVANTAGES:  User-Friendly Interface – Easy to use with minimal statistical knowledge.  Comprehensive Statistical Tools – Includes both basic and advanced tests.  Graphical Representation – Generates high-quality charts and graphs.  Data Management Capabilities – Handles large datasets efficiently.  Automated Analysis – Reduces the need for manual calculations.
PHARMD GURU Page 4 b) LIMITATIONS:  Expensive Licensing – Requires a paid subscription, unlike free alternatives like R or Python.  Limited Customization – Less flexible for complex statistical modeling.  Not Suitable for Big Data – Best for small to medium datasets; struggles with extremely large datasets. 1. INTRODUCTION:  Epi Info is a free, open-source statistical software developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It is specifically designed for public health professionals, epidemiologists, and researchers to conduct data collection, statistical analysis, mapping, and visualization.  Epi Info is widely used in epidemiological research, outbreak investigations, and disease surveillance. It provides an easy-to-use interface that enables healthcare professionals, including Pharm.D students, to analyze and interpret clinical and pharmaceutical data efficiently. 2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT:  Developed by the CDC in 1985 for epidemiological studies and field research.  Designed to support public health officials in managing disease outbreaks and surveillance.  Regularly updated with new features to enhance data management and statistical analysis.  Available for Windows, Android, and cloud-based platforms. 3. EPI INFO INTERFACE AND COMPONENTS: Epi Info provides a simple menu-driven interface for data analysis, making it accessible for users with limited statistical knowledge. EPI INFO