Tiêu đề 10 AbPsy - Bipolar and Related Disorders.pdf ✅

SPECIFIER DESCRIPTION Anxious Distress Presence and severity of accompanying anxiety, whether in the form of comorbid anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms that do not meet all the criteria for disorders Makes suicidal thoughts and completed suicide more likely, and predicts a poorer outcome from treatment Rapid Cycling Moving quickly in and out of depressive or manic episodes At least 4 manic or depressive episodes within a year Does not respond well to standard treatments Has a higher probability of suicide attempts and more severe episodes of depression Also called rapid switching or rapid mood switching Melancholic Features Applies only if the full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met Severe somatic (physical) symptoms, such as early-morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of libido, excessive or inappropriate guilt, and anhedonia Atypical Features Consistently oversleep and overeat during their depression Have considerable anxiety, but they can react with interest or pleasure to some things Psychotic Features Experiences hallucinations and delusions alongside depressive episodes Mood-Congruent: delusions of grandeur accompanying a manic episode Catatonia Catalepsy Peripartum Onset Depression a period of time just before and just after the birth Seasonal Pattern Episodes that occur during certain seasons BIPOLAR I DISORDER DEFINING BIPOLAR I DISORDER Bipolar I Disorder – at least one lifetime manic episode (hypomanic episode or major depressive episode may occur but not required) ● One of the most common features of a manic episode is a decreased need for sleep ● Speech can be rapid, pressured, loud, and difficult to interrupt ● Symptoms of mania in BP1 occur in distinct episodes and typically begin in late adolescence or early adulthood ○ There must be a symptom free period of at least 2 months between manic and major depressive episodes ○ First episode is usually depressive and its symptoms are the most frequent symptoms experienced ● Peaks between 20 and 30 years, but onset occurs throughout the lifespan DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA A. Criteria have been met for at least one manic episode (Criteria A-D under “Manic Episode” above). B. The occurrence of the manic and major depressive episode(s) is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. CAUSES / RISK FACTORS Environmental Risks ● Common in high-income countries ● Separated, divorced, or widowed individuals Genetic and Physiological ● Family history of bipolar disorder (10-fold increased risk) ● Magnitude of risk increases with degree of kinship Suicide Risk ● Account for one-quarter of all completed suicides ● A past history of suicide attempt and percent days spent depressed in the past year are associated with greater risk of suicide attempts or completions. Course Modifiers ● After an individual has a manic episode with psychotic features, subsequent manic episodes are more likely to include psychotic features ● Incomplete interepisode recovery is more common when the current episode is accompanied by mood-incongruent psychotic features DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES Culture 2

● Chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes ● Has not been without symptoms for more than 2 months at a time ● Considered as a chronic version of a bipolar disorder ● Pattern must last for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents) to meet criteria for the disorder ● Do not meet the complete criteria for depressive symptoms and hypomanic symptoms ● Usually begins in adolescence or early adult life and is sometimes considered to reflect a temperamental predisposition to other disorders ● Experience onset of mood symptoms before ● the age of 10 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA A. For at least 2 years (at least 1 year in children and adolescents) there have been numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode. B. During the above 2-year period (1 year in children and adolescents), the hypomanic and depressive periods have been present for at least half the time and the individual has not been without the symptoms for more than 2 months at a time. C. Criteria for a major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode have never been met. D. The symptoms in Criterion A are not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. E. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism). F. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. CAUSES / RISK FACTORS Genetic and Physiological Risks ● May be more common in the first-degree biological relatives of individuals with bipolar I disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder ● Known Substances/Medications: Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic; Amphetamine (or other stimulant); Cocaine ● Exceptions: Case of hypomania/mania that occurs after and persists beyond physiological effects of antidepressant medication or treatment (such as ECT) REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Barlow, D., Durand, V., Lalumiere, M., & Hofmann, S. (2018). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. Hooley, J., Nock, M., & Butcher, J. (2021). Abnormal psychology (18th ed.). Pearson. 4