Tiêu đề NCM 111 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 111 MIDTERMS BY TONS and MADS ● Disciplined inquiry in nursing has been conducted mainly within two broad paradigms, positivism and constructivism. 1. Positivist Paradigm (Positivism or logical positivism) a.Dominated nursing research for decades b.Rooted in 19th century thought, guided by such philosophers as Mill, Newton, and Locke. c.Reflects broader cultural phenomenon (modernism) which emphasizes rational and scientific. d.Fundamental assumption: there is a reality out there that can be studied and known. i. Assume that nature is basically ordered and regular and that objective reality exists independent of human observation. ii. World is assumed not to be merely a creation of the human mind. e.Related assumption of determinism: positivists’ belief that phenomena are not haphazard, but rather have antecedent causes. i. If a person has a CVA, the scientist in a positivist tradition assumes that there must be one or more reasons that can be potentially identified. f. Much research activity is directed at understanding the underlying causes of phenomena. g.They value objectivity and attempt to hold personal beliefs and biases in check to avoid contaminating the phenomena under study. h.Scientific approach: using orderly, disciplined procedures with tight controls of the research situation to test researchers’ hunches about the phenomena being studied & relationships among them. i. Post Positivist paradigm: belief in reality and a desire to understand it, but post positivists recognize the impossibility of total objectivity. j. They see objectivity as a goal and strive to be as neutral as possible and appreciate the impediments to knowing reality with certainty and seek probabilistic evidence—i.e., learning what true state of phenomenon probably is, with a high degree of likelihood. 2. Constructivist Paradigm (naturalistic paradigm) a.began as a countermovement to positivism with writers such as Weber and Kant. b.Outgrowth of cultural transformation: Postmodernism. i. Postmodern thinking emphasizes value of deconstruction—taking apart old ideas and structures—and reconstruction—putting ideas and structures together in new ways. c.Represents a major alternative system for conducting disciplined research in nursing. d.Reality is not a fixed entity but is a construction of the individuals participating in the research; reality exists within a context, and many constructions are possible. e.Relativism: If there are multiple interpretations of reality that exist in people’s minds, then there is no process by which the ultimate truth or falsity of the constructions can be determined. f. Assumes that knowledge is maximized when distance between inquirer and those under study is minimized. g.The voices & interpretations of study participants are crucial to understanding the phenomenon of interest, and subjective interactions are primary way to access them. h.Findings - product of interaction between the inquirer and the participants. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS When little is known about a topic, a qualitative approach is often more fruitful than a quantitative one I. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH A. uses deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world. B. moves in a systematic fashion from the definition of a problem and the selection of concepts on which to focus to the solution of the problem. 1. Systematic - progresses logically through series of steps, according to a specified plan of action. C. Numeric information obtained from formal measurement and is analyzed statistically. D. Use various control strategies. 1. Control - imposing conditions on the research situation so that biases are minimized and precision and validity are maximized E. Gather empirical evidence/observations— rooted in objective reality and gathered through the senses. 1. Empirical evidence - consists of observations gathered through sight, hearing, taste, touch, or smell. (skin inflammation, patients anxiety level, or infant birth weight) 2. Findings are grounded in reality rather than in researchers’ personal beliefs. F. Scientific method - stature as a method of inquiry; used productively by nurse researchers studying a range of nursing problems. G. Traditional research approaches must contend with problems of measurement; attempt to measure it by attaching numeric values that express quantity. 1. If phenomenon of interest is patient morale, researchers assess if morale is higher under certain conditions than under others. 2. Traditional quantitative methods typically concentrate on relatively small portion of the human experience (e.g., weight gain, depression) due to complexities 3