Tiêu đề 01.Early Expeditions and Asian Trade - Selçuk Esenbel.pdf ✅

THE SILK ROAD AND THE EARLY EXPEDITIONS IN ASIAN TRANSCONTINENTAL TRADE Selçuk Esenbel
Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833-1905) invented the term: The Silk Roads-Seidenstrassen that will be used in this lecture-be aware of the history of Terms!
German geographer, traveler, coined the term Seiden Strasse-Silk Road in 1877 in his book on China’s Geography. The term has been used to describe the ancient routes of travel on land and sea that connect Europe, Asia, and Africa. Ergebnisse eigner Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien (China, the Results of My Travels and the Studies Based Thereon), 1877, 3 volumes.
Silk Roads over Land were routes of migrations, nomads, traders, missionaries, and conquering armies. Trade in Silk, porcelain, glass, metal work.
Silk Roads over Oceans served as the Maritime Silk Road of African, Indian and Arab Sailors who knew how to use the Monsoon winds: Maritime silk roads were used for sea-faring merchants, pilgrimages to Mecca, spice, cotton, and pearl trade. Hadramuth Arabs dominated spice trade. Armenians were active in the pearl trade from the Bahrain to the rest of Asia.