Tiêu đề 022 HAVA ARACI GENEL BİLGİSİ - UÇUŞ ALETLERİ_PART II.pdf ✅

TAMAY HAVACILIK ATP (A) UZAKTAN EĞİTİM PROGRAMI 010 HAVA HUKUKU VE ATC PROSEDÜRLERİ 1 022 UÇUŞ ALETLERİ BAŞKENT YILDIZLARI ATP (A) UZAKTAN EĞİTİM PROGRAMI
iv Introduction INSTRUMENTATION AND ELECTRONICS Contents FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS 1. CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERAL DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. PRESSURE HEADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. AIR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4. THE AIRSPEED INDICATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5. THE PRESSURE ALTIMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6. THE VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 7. THE MACHMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 8. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 9. THE DIRECT INDICATING COMPASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 10. GYROSCOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 11. DIRECTIONAL GYRO INDICATOR (DGI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 12. THE ARTIFICIAL HORIZON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 13. THE TURN AND SLIP INDICATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 14. THE TURN CO-ORDINATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 15. AIRCRAFT MAGNETISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 16. REMOTE INDICATING MAGNETIC COMPASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 17. INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 18. INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 19. AIR DATA COMPUTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 20. RADIO ALTIMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 21. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 22. ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INFORMATION SYSTEM (EFIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 23. HEAD-UP DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 24. BASIC COMPUTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 25. COMMUNICATIONS AND THE FUTURE AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEMS . . . . 341 AUTOMATIC FLIGHT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 26. FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 27. AUTOPILOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 28. AUTOLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 29. AUTOTHROTTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 30. YAW DAMPERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 31. CONTROL LAWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 32. REVISION QUESTIONS - AFCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
v INSTRUMENTATION AND ELECTRONICS Introduction WARNING AND RECORDING SYSTEMS 33. FLIGHT WARNING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 34. AERODYNAMIC WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 35. GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM (GPWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 36. AIRBORNE COLLISION AND AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (ACAS) . . . . . . . . . . 509 37. FLIGHT DATA RECORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 38. COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 POWER PLANT & SYSTEMS MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION 39. ENGINE INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 40. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 REVISION QUESTIONS 41. REVISION QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
1 Characteristics and General Definitions Chapter 1 CHAPTER ONE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERAL DEFINITIONS Contents INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MEASURING RANGE VERSUS ACCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ERGONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 INSTRUMENT INDICATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Characteristics and General Definitions Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Pilots receive information about the state of their aircraft and its speed, altitude, position and attitude through instruments and displays. These can vary from the simplest of dials and pointers to modern electronic displays (the so-called ‘glass cockpits’), depending on the vintage and the complexity of the aircraft, and a simple dial can seem very different in appearance and sophistication from a modern cathode ray tube or liquid crystal screen. However, certain problems of range, resolution, accuracy and reliability are general characteristics of all instrumentation systems. MEASURING RANGE VERSUS ACCURACY It is often necessary to show a large operating range, yet still indicate with accuracy over the whole range. For instance, an airliner might be limited to a maximum permitted airspeed of 350 knots, so perhaps the instrument would be designed to display up to, say, 380 or 400 knots. However, certain speeds are critical to flight safety and need to be read with extreme accuracy – ideally to the nearest knot. If we put the whole range on a single revolution of the instrument the division representing one knot will very small and will be difficult to read accurately. Circular Scale (Linear). A simple indicator showing the change of value of the parameter to be measured over a range of 0 to 30 units is shown in Figure 1.1 (Linear). The accuracy with which these values need to be measured will govern the spacing of the graduation. Circular Scale (Non-Linear). Some instruments are required to show changes of parameters more accurately at certain parts of the scale. The example in Figure 1.1 (Non-Linear) shows a rate of climb indicator where low rates of climb are more easily read than high rates. This is a logarithmic scale. 5 15 10 20 25 0 30 Kts x 10 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 1 2 5 5 RATE OF CLIMB Figure 1.4. Circular (Non-Linear) Scales. Linear Non-Linear Figure 1.1 Circular Scales