Tiêu đề 4. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS.pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 1  Crude drugs can be regarded as the substances either used directly or indirectly as a drug which have not been changed or modified in its chemical composition.  The crude drugs of natural origin can be divided into two main categories as: 1. Organized crude drugs and 2. Unorganized crude drugs.  If the drugs are procured from cellular parts of plants in raw form is known as organized crude drugs whereas the drugs that are procured from non-cellular parts of plants are known as unorganized crude drugs. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS:  In India there are more than 17500 flowering plants, out of which 2000 plants are used in various classical systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani.  Traditionally, about 8000 species of wild plants are used as medicine. The drugs used in Indian System of Medicine are 90% based on plant material and are considered to be safe, cost effective and with minimal or no side effects when genuine ingredients are used.  To follow the study of the individual drugs, one must adopt some particular sequence of arrangement, and this is referred to a system of classification of drugs. A method of classification should be simple, easy to use; and free from confusion and ambiguities. Due to diversity, drugs are classified as: 1. Alphabetical classification. 2. Morphological classification. 3. Taxonomic classification. 4. Pharmacological classification. 5. Chemical classification. 6. Chemo-taxonomical classification. 7. Sero-taxonomical classification. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
PHARMD GURU Page 2 1. ALPHABETICAL CLASSIFICATION: This classification provides arrangement of crude drugs in alphabetical order of their Latin and English names or sometimes local names. This method is adopted in many books like Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmaceutical Codex, European Pharmacopoeia (Latin Titles), Encyclopedia of common Natural ingredients used in Drugs and cosmetics. In Indian Pharmacopoeia 1966 names changed to English, like Amylum changed to starch, Acacia gum changed to Indian gum etc. Example: Acacia, Benzoin, Cinchona, Dill, Ergot, Fennel, Gentian, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Jalap, Kurchi, Liquorice, Myrrh, Nux-Vomica, Opium, Podophyllum, Quassia, Rauwolfia, Senna, Uncaria Gambier, Vasaka, Wool Fat, Yellow Bees Wax, Zedoary. ADVANTAGES:  This method provides quick reference search of the crude drugs.  Study of drugs by this method is easy once the name of the drug is known.  In this system location, tracing and addition of drug entries is easy. DISADVANTAGE:  There is no relationship between the previous and successive drug entries. 2. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION: All crude drugs are arranged according to the external characters of the plant or animal parts i.e., leaves, roots, stems, flowers from plants etc. This class of drug is further classified as organized and unorganized drug. The organized drugs are obtained from the cellular tissues and dried parts of the plants like, Rhizomes, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs, fibres etc. The plant drugs are prepared by some intermediate physical processes like incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and some are do not contain any cellular plant tissues which are called unorganized drugs, e.g., aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil etc. The differences are given in below table.
PHARMD GURU Page 3 Differences between Organized and Unorganized Crude Drugs ORGANIZED DRUGS UNORGANIZED DRUGS They are the sources from plants and animals. They are the sources of plants, animals, and minerals. They procured directly from the above sources. They are products of plants and animals and obtained by extraction, distillation, incision methods. They have proper cellular structures like, leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, roots, woods etc. They do not have well defined cellular structure like gum, mucilage, resin etc. They are identified by morphological characters. They are identified by organoleptic properties. They are solid in nature. They are solid, semi-solid and liquid in nature. To study their characters, transverse section is used for drugs under microscope. To study their characters, physical parameters like density, optical rotation, viscosity, refractive index, chemical tests are important. Examples: Woods: Quassia, sandal wood. Leaves: Digitalis, Eucalyptus, Mint, Senna, Spearmint, Squill, Hyoscyamus, Belladonna. Barks: Cascara, Cassia, Cinchona, Wild cherry. Flowering Parts: Clove, Pyrethrum, Saffron, and Chamomile. Fruits: Anise, Capsicum, Caraway, Cardamom, Colocynth, Coriander, Cumin, Dill, Fennel. Seeds: Bitter almond, Black Mustard, Cardamom, Colchicum, Linseed, Nux vomica. Roots and Rhizomes: Aconite, Colchicum, Garlic, Ginger, Ginsing, Glycyrrhiza, Podophyllum, Rauwolfia, Rhubarb, Turmeric, Squill. Plants and Herbs: Ergot, Ephedra, Yeast, Vinca, Datura. Hair and Fibers: Cotton, Hemp, Jute, Silk, Flax. Examples: Dried Latex: Opium, Papain. Dried Juice: Aloe, Kino. Dried Extracts: Agar, Black catechu, Pale catechu, Pectin. Waxes: Beeswax, Spermaceti, Carnauba wax. Gums: Acacia, Guar gum, Indian gum, Resins: Asafoetida, Benzoic, Colophony, Tolo balsam, Storax. Volatile Oil: Coriander, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sandalwood, Cinnamon, Caraway, Clove, Eucalyptus. Fixed Oils and Fats: Arachis, Castor, Cotton seed, Linseed, Olive, Cod liver. Animal Products: Bees wax, Cod liver oil, Gelatin, Halibot liver oil, Honey, Shark liver oil, Shellac, Spermaceti wax, Wool fat. Fossil Organism and Minerals: Bentonite, Kaolin, Kiesslguhr, Talc.
PHARMD GURU Page 4 GUM AND MUCILAGE: Gums containing crude drugs are amorphous substances, pathological products produced by the plants under injured or unfavourable conditions. Mucilages are thick, gluey substances produced from plants and some microorganisms. The differences between gums and mucilages are given below: Differences between Gums and Mucilages GUMS MUCILAGES They are produced by plant when it is injured or unfavourable conditions like diseased by a process Gummosis. Mucilages are the normal products of plant growth. It is produced outside the plant cell. It is produced inside the cell. They are soluble in water and form adhesive solution. It is insoluble in water and forms slimy solution with water. They are made up of sugar, salt of uronic acid. Example: gum acacia, Tragacanth gum. They are made up of ester and sulphuric acid. Example: Senna, Agar, Isphagol. ADVANTAGES OF MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:  Easy method to study of plant drugs.  Even if the chemical content or action of drug is not known the drug can be studied properly.  It gives idea about the source of drugs.  It gives idea whether it is organized or unorganized.  Easy to identify and detect the adulteration. DISADVANTAGES OF MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:  During collection, drying and packing, morphology of drug changes; they are difficult to study.  No correlation between chemical constituents with therapeutic actions.  Repetition of drugs or plants occurs.