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Chapter Contents Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 Animal Husbandry Management of Farms and Farm Animals Animal Breeding Bee-Keeping Fisheries Sericulture ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. Domesticated animals which are raised for our use or profit are collectively called livestock. As such, it is a vital skill for farmers and is science as well as art. Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc., that are useful to humans. Extended, it includes poultry farming and fisheries. Ever since the beginning of civilisation, humans have depended on animals for many requirements, such as food (milk, meat, honey and egg), clothing (hide, silk, wool), labour (pulling, carrying load) and security. The development of desirable quantitative and qualitative animal species, through creating better breeds, has been an important human achievement. For this, humans have consistently tried to improve the breeds of domesticated animals to make them more useful. It is estimated that more than 70 percent of the world livestock population is in India and China. However, it is surprising to note that their contribution to the world farm produce is only 25 percent, i.e., the productivity per unit is very low. Hence, in addition to conventional practices of animal breeding and care, newer technologies are also applied to achieve improvement in quality and productivity. MANAGEMENT OF FARMS AND FARM ANIMALS A professional approach to traditional practices of farm management has given the much needed boost to our food production. Farm management is the controlled and scientific handling of farm animals in their rearing, grooming, breeding and caring so as to maximise their yield. Let us discuss some of the management procedures employed in various animal farm systems. Chapter 17 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
50 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NEET Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 Dairy Farm Management : Dairy farming is the management of animals for production of milk and its products meant for human consumption. Animals that one would expect to find in a dairy are : 1. Cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep for milk. 2. Dairy farms can have shepherd dogs to help in moving groups of cows, sheep, goats etc. from one location to another. 3. Some dairy farms have cats to keep the barns free of rodents. Different kinds of products that can be made from milk in a dairy farm are : (i) Cream : It is prepared by churning milk. The fat in milk comes on top which is separated by draining out the liquid. This cream is with 10-70% fat content. (ii) Curd : Milk is converted to curd due to bacterial activities. (iii) Butter milk : It is the left over liquid after removal of butter. (iv) Ghee : After heating butter, the water evaporates and fat contents are almost 100%. (v) Condensed milk : Milk is concentrated by removing water contents with or without adding sugar. It has 31% milk solids with 9% fats. (vi) Powdered milk : It is the powdered form of milk. (vii) Cheese : It is coagulated milk protein ‘casein’ with fat and water. In dairy farm management, we deal with processes and systems that increase yield and improve quality of milk. (a) Selection of Breed : Milk yield is primarily dependent on the quality of breeds in the farm. Selection of good breeds having high-yielding potential (under the climatic conditions of the area), combined with resistance to diseases is very important. (b) Housing : For the yield potential to be realised, the cattle have to be well looked after, they have to be housed well, should have adequate water and be disease free. (c) Feed : The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific manner, with special emphasis on the quality and quantity of fodder. The prepared feed given to them is classified as: (i) Roughage which includes fodder, silage, hay and straw. This feed has a high fibre content. (ii) Concentrate which includes cereals, millets, forage crops with high leaf protein and oil cake, oil seeds, and animal by-products. Although low in fibre content, the concentrates have high nutrient value and digestibility. Minerals and vitamins are added to the feed of high yielders. The proportion of balanced feed differs for young and adult animals. (d) Cleanliness : The cattle should be regularly cleaned. Cleanliness and hygiene (both of the cattle and the handlers) is of paramount importance while milking, storage and transport of the milk and its products. Now a days, much of these processes have become mechanised, reducing chance of direct contact between produce and the handler. (e) Ensuring these stringent measures, requires regular inspections, with proper record keeping. It also helps to identify and rectify the problems as early as possible. Regular visits by a veterinary doctor is mandatory. Cattle Breeds and Breeding 1. The desired traits or characteristics of the parent, generally chosen for cattle breeding are as follows: (a) Tolerance to climatic conditions (b) Lactation period (c) High yield of produce (milk/meat)
NEET Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 51 Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 (d) Resistance to diseases (e) Proper age of reproduction (f) Good health (g) General appearance 2. There are 26 breeds of cattle and seven breeds of buffaloes which differ in their body colour, horns and forehead. Buffaloes serve as the primary source of milk - the only dietary animal protein for majority of Indians. Compared to cows, buffaloes (Bubalus bubalus) generally yield more milk and that too of high fat content as compared to indigenous cows. They also have greater disease resistance and longevity. The milk yielding capacity of buffaloes is three times more than cows. Buffalo milk is superior to cows milk in fat content as well as minerals. A Zebu also known as indicine cattle or humped cattle is species of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. These can easily adapt to life in hot tropics. The cattle breeds are classified into three groups: (i) Milch breeds : The cows of these breeds are good in milk-production, however, bullocks are of poor quality, e.g., Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni etc. (ii) Draught breeds : The bullocks of these breeds are good for working but cows are poor milk producers e.g., Malvi, Nageri, Hallikar, Kangayam etc. (iii) General utility breeds (Dual-purpose breeds) : The cows of these breeds are good milk producers and the bullocks are good draught animals. They are intermediate between milch and Draught breeds e.g., Haryana, Ongole, Kankrej, Tharparkar etc. Some exotic (foreign) breeds of cattle (Bos taurus) that are used for cross-breeding purposes in India are : Name Country of Origin 1. Jersey Island of Jersey in English channel 2. Holstein-Friesian Holland (Best milk yielding breed of cattle in the world) 3. Ayrshire Scotland 4. Brown swiss Switzerland Jersey Some breeds of buffaloes are : (a) Murrah (b) Bhadawari (c) Jaffrabadi (d) Surti (e) Mehsana (f) Nagpuri or Ellichipur Animals suffer from several bacterial diseases. For example, cattle suffer from anthrax, mastitis, pneumonia, etc. Note : Diethylstilbestrol (DES) also known as stilbestrol is a non steroidal estrogen against which is no longer used due to its side effects. In the past it was used for a variety of indications including pregnancy support etc.
52 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NEET Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 Bacterial Diseases : 1. Anthrax : Anthrax is caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. This disease is contagious and affects cattle, buffaloes, horse, sheep and goats; it can also spread to human beings. In animals, anthrax spreads through contaminated food, water and pastures. Prevention and control : General measures for prevention of infectious diseases should be followed. The healthy animals should be vaccinated. Animals that have come in contact with diseased animals should be given anthrax antiserum to protect them from the disease. 2. Mastitis : It is the inflammation of the udder that often occurs in dry cows due to infection of bacterium "Cornybacterium pyogenes". Viral Diseases : Rinderpest or Cattle plague : This disease is caused by a virus and is highly contagious. The virus is present in all the fluids and secretions of the body of the diseased animal. The disease spreads rapidly by direct contact with infected animals, through contaminated food, water, workers or their clothes and by flies. Prevention : All the measures for prevention of infectious diseases should be implemented. It is highly desirable to vaccinate the animals against rinderpest. In 1954, a massive vaccination programme was initiated in India. This project has been highly successful, and rinderpest is no longer a dreaded disease. Poultry farm management : Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food and for their eggs. They typically include chicken and ducks, and sometimes turkey and geese. The word poultry is often used to refer to the meat of only these birds, but in a more general sense it may refer to the meat of other birds too. As in dairy farming, selection of disease free and suitable breeds, proper and safe farm conditions, proper feed and water, hygiene and health-care are important components of poultry farm management. 1. Poultry birds exclusively grown for meat are called broilers (e.g., Plymouth rock). 2. Layers are female fowls raised for egg production (e.g., White leghorn). 3. Bird flu is an avian influenza which can also attack human beings. It was caused by (H5N1) influenza virus in 2003 (Thailand). 4. Culling-Selective removal and slaughter of infected birds. Infected birds pass on virus through their saliva, nasal secretions and faeces. In 1918, it attacked human beings and killed about 50 million humans. The reservoir of bird flu seems to be migratory birds. The virus attacks and kills monocytes. The raw meat and eggs may contain virus. Once an outbreak is detected, the infected chickens are culled to prevent spread of the disease. 5. The chicken is commonly classified on the basis of its origin. (a) American breeds : Plymouth rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire. (b) English breeds : Australorp, Cornish (dark) (c) Asiatic breeds : Brahma (light), Cochin, Langshan (black). (d) Mediterranean breeds : Leghorn. Leghorn Indigenous breeds : Aseel, Busra, Chittagong, Karaknath, Ghagus. Aseel fowls are used in cock fighting. 6. Poultry Diseases (i) Encephalomalacia : Deficiency of vitamin E causes softening of brain tissue in young poultry. (ii) Coccidiosis : The protozoan Eimeria causes coccidiosis in fowls that results in bloody diarrhoea.