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COURSE NO : ELE-SSAC-364 Course Title : Agrochemicals Course Credits : 3 (2+1) SEMESTER VI (New) Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry
Course Title : Agrochemicals B. Sc. (Hons.)Agriculture Course No. : ELE-SSAC- 364 Semester: VI (New) Credit : 3 (2+1) Teaching Schedule A. THEORY Lesson Topic Weightage (%) 1 Introduction to agrochemicals, their type and role in agriculture 2 2 Effect of agrochemicals on environment, soil, human and animal health. Merits and demerits of their uses in agriculture, management of agrochemicals for sustainable agriculture. 4 3 Fertilizers and their classification 3 4 & 5 N fertilizers : classification, manufacturing process and properties, their fate and reaction 4 6 & 7 Phosphatic fertilizers, manufacturing process and properties 4 8 Potassic fertilizers and complex fertilizers, their fate and reaction in soils. 3 9 & 10 Secondary nutrients and fertilizers, their type, composition, reaction in soils and effect on crop growth. 4 11 Micronutrient fertilizers, their type, composition, reaction in soils and effect on crop growth. 4 12 Liquid fertilizers 3 13 Handling and storage of fertilizers 3 14 Biofertilizers and their role in crop production 4 15 Fertilizer control order 2 16 Introduction and classification of insecticides: Different types of Classification of insecticides. (Based on toxicity, mode of entry, mode of action, chemical nature) 4 17 & 18 Inorganic and organic insecticides Organochlorine, Organophosphates, Carbamates, Synthetic pyrethroids Neonicotinoids, Biorationals. 5 19 Insecticide Act and rules. Insecticides banned, withdrawn and restricted use, 2 20 IGRs and Biopesticides. Reduced risk insecticides 2 21 Botanicals, plant and animal systemic insecticides their characteristics and uses. 3 22 Mode of action of insecticides (Pyrethroids, organophosphates, Carbamates and Chitin synthesis inhibitor) 4 23 Fate of insecticides in soil and plant. 3 24 Insecticide resistance and its management 3 25 Pesticide residue- Definition, steps involved in determination of residue. 3 26 & 27 Copper fungicides, formulation of Bordeaux mixture and Bordeaux paste. Chemical reaction involved merits and demerits of Bordeaux mixture. Mode of action of copper fungicides 5 28 Sulfur fungicides: Organic and inorganic sulfur fungicides their 4
Lesson Topic Weightage (%) classification and mode of action. Preparation of lime sulfur mixture and chemical reaction involved. 29 Benzimidazle fungicides, their chemical nature, mode of action and their use 3 30 Introduction to new generation fungicides. Viz Metalaxyl, fosetyl Al, Triazoles and Strobilurin fungicides 4 31 Herbicide- Classification, Formulations, Methods of application. 3 32 Mode of action of herbicide- Translocation and absorption 3 33 Persistence and fate of herbicides, Residual effect of herbicides 3 34 Introduction to selectivity of herbicide 2 35 Compatibility of herbicides with other Agrochemicals 2 36 Introduction to adjuvants and their use in herbicides 2 Total 100 Suggested Readings : 1) Mariakulandi and Manickam (1975) Chemistry of fertilizers and manures. 2) Tandon H. L. S. (1994) Recycling of crop, animal, human and industrial Wastes in Agriculture. FDCO, Delhi 3) Rakshit A. (2015) Manures Fertilizers and Pesticides Paperback – Import. CBS Publishing; 1ST edition, pp. 266. 4) Havlin, John L, Samuel L. Tisdale (Author), Werner L. Nelson (Author), James D. Beaton ( 2004) Soil Fertility and Fertilizers (8th Edition). Published July 23rd 2004 by Prentice Hall. pp. 528. 5) Havlin, John L. (2004) Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management Published July 23rd 2004 by Prentice Hall. pp. 528. 6) ISSS (2009) Fundamentals of Soil Science. 2nd Ed. Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi- 110 012. pp. 728. 7) Das D. K. (2011) Introductory Soil Science, 3rd revised and Enlarged Ed, Kalyani Publisher, Ludhiana. pp. 645. 8) ICAR Handbook of manures and fertilizers (1971) publication. 9) Tisdale, S. L. and Nelson, W. L. and Beaqton, J. D. (2010) Soil Fertility and fertilizers. 7 th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Company, 445 Hutchinson Avenue, Columbus. 10) Yawalkar, K. S., Agarwal, J. P. and Bokde, S. (1967) Manures and Fertilizers. Agri- Horticultural Publication. 11) Hand book of fertilizers use (1980) FAI publication 12 ) A Fertilizer control order (1985) The fertilizer Association of India 13) The Pesticde manual A world compendium (1995) – British crop production council, UK 14) Chemistry of insecticide: Sree Ramulu US (1991) 15) Fungicide in plant disease control: Nene YL and Thapliyal 16) Principles of weed science: Rao VS (1992)
Lesson No. 1 Introduction to agrochemicals, their type and role in agriculture Agrochemicals : The chemicals used in agriculture to maintain or to increase the crop production are called agrochemicals. Agrochemicals are the various chemical products that are used in agriculture. In most cases, the term agrochemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and nematicides chemicals (chemicals used to kill round worms). The term may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, as well as concentrated stores of raw animal manure. Agrochemicals are the various chemical products that are used in agriculture. In most cases, the term agrochemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and nematicides chemicals (chemicals used to kill round worms). The term may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, as well as concentrated stores of raw animal manure. Typically, agrochemicals are toxic and when stored in bulk storage systems may pose significant environmental risks, particularly in the event of accidental spills. As a result, in many countries, the use of agrochemicals has become highly regulated and government- issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching, and chemical spills. Wherever these chemicals are used, proper storage facilities and labeling; emergency cleanup equipment; emergency cleanup procedures; safety equipment; as well as safety procedures for handling, application, and disposal are often subject to mandatory standards and regulations. While agrochemicals increase plant and animal crop production, they can also damage the environment. Excessive use of fertilizers has led to the contamination of groundwater with nitrate, a chemical compound that in large concentrations is poisonous to humans and animals. In addition, the runoff (or leaching from the soil) of fertilizers into streams, lakes, and other surface waters (the aquasphere) can increase the growth of algae, which can have an adverse effect on the life-cycle of fish and other aquatic animals.