Tiêu đề Prahaar Summary 2025_Internal Security.pdf ✅

4 Prahaar Summary 2025 Insurgency, Militancy, and Extremism Ê Extremists: Hold radical views; may support violence. Ê Militants: Use violence for causes, often extremist- backed. Ê Insurgents: Armed struggle against authority, may involve militants and extremists. Term Key Points Examples Insurgency Political aims, may include external support and both violent/non-violent actors Maoist insurgency, Kurdish movement Militancy Violent action in political/social/ religious contexts Religious militants, eco- activists Extremism Radical ideologies, seek drastic changes via any means White supremacists, religious radicals Measures to Strengthen Internal Security Ê Social: Stringent hate speech laws Eg: BNS 2023 Sec 192: Bars promoting enmity/hate, RPA 1951 Sec 123(3A): Prohibits hate speech in elections, IT Act 2000 Sec 69A: Enables blocking harmful online content. Ê Economic: Targeted anti-poverty programs.; Anti-black money laws: PMLA 2002, Benami Act 2016. Ê Administrative: Police reforms (Prakash Singh case).; Combat Naxalism: Operation Green Hunt, ADP.; NCTC: For coordinated counter-terror ops. Ê Military: CAPF reforms: ICT and cybersecurity.; Smart border tech: fencing, optical fibres. Ê UAPA (2019): NIA property seizure powers. Ê Police Modernization: ASMP (Verma Committee). Ê LWE Policy (2015): Holistic anti-Naxal strategy. Ê Infra Dev: PM GatiShakti, PM-DeVINE. Ê Aspirational Districts: For LWE-affected areas. Ê Civic Action: CRPF’s ‘Winning Hearts’ initiative. Ê NATGRID & CCTNS: Integrated intelligence sharing. International Initiatives Ê Interpol: India part of 13-member executive panel; probing money laundering in Asia. Ê Vienna Convention: Criminalizes drug-linked money laundering; enables global cooperation & extradition. Ê FATF: Sets global standards against money laundering & terror financing. Ê CTC (UNSC Res 1373): Mandates criminalizing terror funding, border control, and cooperation. Ê UNSC Res 1624 (2005): Urges denying haven to suspected terrorists based on credible info. National Security Strategy (NSS) A document outlining strategic goals and responses to evolving threats. Why India Needs a Written NSS Ê Outdated Directive: 2009 document is obsolete. Ê Changing Threats: Addresses hybrid warfare, China’s navy. Ê Structured Planning: Prevents ad hoc policymaking. Ê Strategic Signaling: Clarifies India’s global stance. Ê Operational Clarity: Aids coordination like theatre commands. Concern in Framing an NSS Ê Political Reluctance: Accountability concerns. Ê Reduced Flexibility: Limits swift policy shifts. Ê Resource Constraints: Needs strong institutional capacity. Ê Weak Ecosystem: Lacks robust think tanks and inputs. Weaponization of Space Ê Weaponization: Placing weapons in space. Ê Militarisation: Using space-based assets for military support without deploying weapons. Ê Challenges: Space arms race, debris risks. Ê Global Efforts: Outer Space Treaty (1967): Bans WMDs in space, COPUOS (1959) & Treaties: Rescue (1968), Liability (1972), Registration (1975), Moon Agreement (1979) Ê India’s Steps: India has set up the Defence Space Agency, conducted Mission Shakti (ASAT) and IndSpaceEx; Ê Way Forward: A global treaty banning all space weapons and better space debris tracking (SSA) are needed. India’s Nuclear Weapons Programme Operation Smiling Buddha: The 1974 test at Pokhran marked India’s nuclear debut as a “peaceful explosion”. Ê Triggered NSG formation and U.S. sanctions (e.g., denial of cryogenic tech to ISRO in 1991). Ê Established India as a responsible nuclear-capable state. Nuclear Doctrine of India: No First Use (NFU): Nuclear retaliation only after nuclear attack. Ê Credible Minimum Deterrence: Maintain arsenal to ensure retaliatory strike. Ê Chemical/Bio Attack: Allows nuclear counterstrike. Ê Civilian Control: Political leadership decides usage. Ê Non-Nuclear State Clause: No attack on non-nuclear states. Strengthening the Doctrine Ê Tech Modernization: Launch defense R&D missions, developing tactical nuclear weapons . Ê Flexible Retaliation: Introduce ambiguity in “massive retaliation.” Ê Strategic Review: Periodic updates reflecting geopolitics. Ê Non-Proliferation Leadership: Dialogue with neighbors, promote NFU. Hybrid Warfare Ê Mix of conventional & unconventional tactics (e.g., cyber, diplomacy). Ê Examples: Chinese BRI debt-trap, Russia in Crimea. Ê Key Features: Hard to trace, flexible, exploits vulnerabilities, includes psychological and guerrilla tactics.