Tiêu đề NCM 112 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 112 MIDTERMS by TONS and MADS MIDTERMS COVERAGE: Respiratory and Cardiovascular WEEK 5 - INTRODUCTION TO RESPIRATORY DISORDERS VID: Respiratory System - not transcribed BOOK: CHAP 21 Page 486 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (More info in Chap 21) A. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS a. Oxygen transport i. O2 is supplied and CO2 is removed ii. Cells are in close contact with capillaries that permit easy passage or exchange of O2 and. iii. Diffuses through membrane of tissue cells, used by mitochondria for cellular respiration. b. Respiration and Ventilation: i. O2 concentration in blood within capillaries of lungs is lower than in the lungs’ air sacs (alveoli) → oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood. ii. CO2 higher concentration in the blood than in alveoli diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. iii. Movement of air in & out of airways (ventilation) c. Pulmonary Diffusion and Perfusion: Works in concert with CV system i. Diffusion: O2 and CO2 are exchanged at air–blood interface. ii. Alveolar–capillary membrane - ideal for diffusion because of its thinness and large surface area. B. SECONDARY FUNCTIONS a. Facilitates sense of smell b. Produces speech c. Maintains acid-base balance d. Maintains body water levels e. Maintains heat balance C. Gas exchange: delivering O2 to tissues through bloo vdstream, expelling waste gas CO2 during expiration. ANATOMY - Upper and lower respiratory tracts: 2 tracts responsible for ventilation (movement of air in and out of airways). I. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (upper airway)- warms and filters inspired air so that the lower respiratory tract (lungs) can accomplish gas exchange. A. Larynx (voice organ/box) 1. Cartilaginous epitheliumvvnvj tv lined structure that connects pharynx and trachea. 2. Major function: vocalization. 3. Protects lower airway from gvvvforeign substances and facilitates coughing. 4. Consists of the following: a) Epiglottis: valve flap of cartilage that covers opening to larynx during swallowing b) Glottis: (entrance to larynx); opening between the vocal cords in the larynx c) Thyroid cartilage: largest of cartilage structures; part of it forms Adam’s apple d) Cricoid cartilage: the only complete cartilaginous ring in larynx (below thyroid cartilage) e) Arytenoid cartilages: used in vocal cord movement with thyroid cartilage f) Vocal cords: ligaments controlled by muscular movements that produce sounds; located in lumen of larynx B. Nose - passageway for air to pass to and from lungs. 1. Filters impurities and humidifies and warms air as it is inhaled. 2. External portion protrudes from the face and is supported by nasal bones and cartilage. 3. Anterior nares (nostrils): external openings of nasal cavities. 4. Internal portion is hollow cavity separated into right and left nasal cavities by the septum. 5. Each nasal cavity is divided into 3 passageways by projection of turbinates from lateral walls. 6. Turbinate bones conchae, because of their curves, increase mucous membrane surface of nasal passages and slightly obstruct air flowing through them. Air entering nostrils is deflected upward to the roof of the nose comes into contact with large surface of moist, warm, highly vascular, ciliated mucous membrane (nasal mucosa) that traps practically all dust and organisms in inhaled air. 7. Nerves detect odors; others provoke sneezing to expel irritating dust. 8. Mucus, secreted continuously by goblet cells, covers surface of nasal mucosa and is moved back to nasopharynx by action of the cilia C. Sinuses (Paranasal Sinuses) koooo k1