Tiêu đề A1 - THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL CONTEXT ✅

A1. THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL CONTEXT THE TWO DISPERSALS OF ENGLISH FIRST DIASPORA - initially involving the large-scale migration of speakers from England, Scotland, and Ireland predominantly to North America, Australia, and New Zealand. ⇒ American and Antipodean (English in Aus and New Zealand) Englishes. SECOND DIASPORA - Involving the colonization of Asia and Africa. ● Large-scale migrations of mother tongue English speakers from England, Scotland, and Ireland to North America, Australia and New Zealand. ● The varieties of English spoken in modern North America and Australia are not identical with the English of their early colonizers. Wales is not a country (IMPORTANT). Great Britain includes Scotland, England and Wales. I. THE FIRST DISPERSAL: ENGLISH IS TRANSPORTED TO THE ‘NEW WORLD’ ❖ Altered in response to the changing sociolinguistic contexts. ❖ Expansion of vocabulary through contact with the indigenous Indian (Massachusetts/North America/Native American), Aboriginal (Australia), or Maori (New Zealand inhabitants) populations: Amerindian papoose, moccasin, and igloo. ❖ In 1607, the first permanent BRitish colonists arrived and settled in Jamestown, Virginia. ❖ In 1620, a group of Puritans and others on the Mayflower (a ship’s name) landed further North, settling at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts in New England. ❖ Different linguistic backgrounds resulted from the contrast between the west of England vs east of England (presence vs. absence of rhotic /r/ and voiced /s/ sounds). ❖ During the 17th Century, English spread to southern parts of America and the Caribbean as a result of the slave trade. ❖ The English among the slaves and between them and their captors were initially contact pidgin languages → In the next generation, they developed into creoles. ❖ In the 18th Century, there was large-scale immigration from Northern Ireland (Philadelphia, but quickly moving south and west). ❖ After the Declaration of American Independence in 1776, many Loyalists (the British settlers who had supported the British government) left for Canada. ❖ Australia: ‘discovered’ by James Cook in 1770, landing in modern-day Queensland.
❖ The First Fleet landed in New South Wales in 1788. ❖ Between 1788 and 1852, around 160.000 convicts were transported to Australia from Britain and Ireland. ❖ From the 1820s large numbers of free settlers also began to arrive. ❖ The largest proportion of settlers came from London and the south-east England. ❖ Others originated in South-West England, Lancashire, Scotland, and Ireland. ❖ Dialect mixing, influenced by the indigenous aboriginal languages. ❖ New Zealand: official colony after the British-Maori Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. ❖ Immigrants from Britain (1840s-1850s), Australia and Ireland (1860s) and the UK (1870-1885) with a considerable proportion of Scots. → A mixture of dialects, subject to a strong Maori influence especially in terms of vocabulary. ❖ South Africa: the British began to settle in large numbers in 1820. ❖ Majority from southern England, smaller groups from Ireland and Scotland. ❖ 1822: English declared the official language ❖ English was also learnt as a second language by blacks and Afrikaans* speakers (many of whom were mixed race). II. THE SECOND DISPERSAL: ENGLISH IS TRANSPORTED TO ASIA AND AFRICA. ● In West Africa: ❖ English in West Africa is linked to the slave trade and the development of pidgin and creole languages. ❖ Coastal territories of West Africa: Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon. ❖ No major British settlement in the area had English as lingua franca among the indigenous and between local people and Batish traders. ❖ English has subsequently gained official status → pidgins and creoles: Krio (Sierra Leone) and Cameroon Pidgin English. ● In East Africa: ❖ East Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe - extensively settled by British colonists from the 1830s ❖ English played an important role in their major institutions such as government, education, and the law.
❖ English is the official language in Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, spoken as L2 by large numbers of people. ● In South Asia: ❖ South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan): English was introduced in the 18th century. ❖ Macaulay Minute of 1835: the introduction of an English educational system. → Hindi is the official language of India, English is an 'Associate official language' used alongside Hindi as a neutral lingua franca. ❖ → Indianisation: English in India has developed a distinctive national character comparable to that of American and Australian English. ● In Southeast Asia, East Asia and The South Pacific. ❖ Papua New Guinea: a British protectorate (1884 to 1920), English-based pidgin, Tok Pisin. Is THIS English? (Tok Pisin) ❖ The Philippines, gaining independence in 1946, has retained a strong American-English influence. ❖ Singapore: The use of English has increased and a local variety has begun to emerge. ❖ Malaysia: The use of English has declined following the adoption of the local language Malaysian Bahasa as the national language and medium of education in 1957. ❖ Taiwan, Japan, and Korea: considered the possibility of making English their official language. III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TWO DIASPORAS: - Between 1750 and 1900 the English-speaking settlements of the first and second diasporas all underwent three similar major changes. - (1) "English speakers from Britain who happened to be living overseas" (Strevens, 1992). - (2) Growing sense of separate identity; colonies taking independence → greater linguistic difference. - (3) More non-native English speakers in these areas learn to use English for survival and employment opportunities.