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Physical Geography of India DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 | www.ksgindia.com Page 1 Contents Chapter – 1: INDIA PHYSICAL SETTING .......................2 India as a geographical unit.................................................................2 Size and Location .....................................................................................2 India’s Frontiers .........................................................................................3 Location of India.......................................................................................3 Locational Advantage.............................................................................3 Geopolitics of Indian Ocean ................................................................3 Chapter – 2: Geologic time scale (GTS)........................4 Indian Geographical Time Scale.........................................................4 Geological Time Scale.............................................................................4 The Archaean Formations (Pre-Cambrian) ....................................5 Dharwar System (Proterozoic Formations)....................................5 The Cuddapah System (Purana Group)...........................................5 The Vindhyan System .............................................................................6 The Palaeozoic Group (Cambrian to Carboniferous Period)..6 The Mesozoic Era (The Gondwana System) ..................................6 The Cretaceous System (The Deccan Trap) ...................................7 The Tertiary System (The Cenozoic Era)..........................................7 Change in Topography of the Subcontinent...............8 The Quaternary Period (The Pleistocene and Recent Formations).................................................................................................8 Chapter – 3: Physiography of India..............................9 Origin Of the Himalayas ........................................................................9 Plate Tectonic Theory ...........................................................................10 Himalayas as Lofty Natural Barrier..................................................10 Parallel ranges of Himalayas..............................................................10 The Trans Himalayas .............................................................................11 The Great Himalayas (Inner Himalaya, Central Himalaya or Himadri)......................................................................................................11 Middle/Lesser Himalayas (Himachal/Lower Himalayas) ........12 Shiwalik Range (Outer Himalayas) ..................................................12 The Purvanchal ........................................................................................12 Regional Division of Himalayas ........................................................13 Significance of Himalayas ...................................................................13 Major Mountain Passes in Himalayas ............................................13 Himalayan peaks, along with their respective ranges.............14 Plains of India...........................................................................................15 Physiographic Division of the Great Plains ..................................16 Regional Division of the Great Plains of North India ..............16 The Peninsular Plateaus .......................................................................18 The Indian Islands...................................................................................19 Chapter – 4: Drainage System.....................................21 Types of Drainage System ..................................................................21 Drainage Patterns ..................................................................................22 The Peninsular River System .............................................................22 Aspects of Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers................26 The Himalayan River System.............................................................26 The Indus River system........................................................................26 The Ganga River System .....................................................................28 River Brahmaputra.................................................................................29 North-East India Rivers........................................................................30 Canyon, Gorge and Valley..................................................................31 Inter-State River Water-Sharing Disputes ...................................32 Chapter – 5: Climate of India...................................... 34 Factors Influencing the Climate of India ......................................34 Monsoon in India...................................................................................36 Theories of Monsoon...........................................................................36 Season of India .......................................................................................38 Monsoon Winds of the Arabian Sea..............................................39 Monsoon Winds of the Bay of Bengal ........................................39 Characteristics of Monsoonal Rainfall...........................................40 Distribution of Rainfall.........................................................................40 Peculiarities and Significance of Indian Climate .......................40 Climate Regions of India.....................................................................41 El Nino & Indian Monsoon................................................................42 Indian Monsoon & Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).........................42 Chapter – 5: Climate of India...................................... 43 Factors Influencing Vegetation........................................................43 Classification Of Natural Vegetation of India ............................44 Moist Tropical Forests..........................................................................44 Dry Tropical Forests ..............................................................................45 Montane Subtropical Forests............................................................45 Temperate Forests.................................................................................46 Alpine Forests ..........................................................................................46 Problems of Indian Forestry ..............................................................47 Forest Conservation..............................................................................48 The State of Forest Report, 2021.....................................................48 Chapter – 6: SOIL......................................................... 49 Characteristics of Soil...........................................................................50 Soil Horizon..............................................................................................51 Factors responsible for soil formation ..........................................52 Classification of soils in India............................................................53 Soil Degradation.....................................................................................55 Soil Conservation ...................................................................................58 Zero Budget Natural Farming...........................................................60 For Updated Materials Scan this
Physical Geography of India DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 | www.ksgindia.com Page 2 CHAPTER – 1: INDIA PHYSICAL SETTING India as a geographical unit India is a country of great geographical extent. Girdled by the young, Folded Himalayas on its north-west, North and north-east and washed by the foundered basin of the Indian Ocean and its two main arms—the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal on the south-west, south and south-east, it has, since historic times, the privilege of being a well-defined geographical and geopolitical unit. To the south of the Himalayas is the great Indo-Gangetic plain, or the Great Plains, which is well known for its fertile soils. To the south of this plain is Peninsular India, comprising uneven plateaus and coastal plains. India is the most natural geographical unit, and it has developed a distinctive culture that is further conditioned by colonial rule for over two centuries. Thus, due to its vastness and diversities, India is considered to be a sub-continent as it comprises all the characteristics of a continent. Size and Location The Union of India is the seventh largest country in the world, covering an area of approximately 32 lakh square kilometres, and it is an important country in South Asia. India is twelve times larger than the U.K. and eight times larger than Japan. The mainland stretches from latitude 8°4′ north to 37°6′ north and from longitude 68°7′ east to 97°25′ east of Greenwich. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the country is almost the same in degrees, i.e. about 30 degrees. Due to the vast longitudinal extent, the time difference between the two extreme points in the east and west is two hours. As such, time along the standard meridian of India (82°30E) passing through Mirzapur (near Prayagraj) is taken as the Standard Time for the whole country. The country is of a vast size and measures about 3,214 kilometres from North to south and about 2,933 kilometres from west to east. This is because the distance between two longitudes decreases towards the poles, whereas the distance between two latitudes remains the same. The Tropic of Cancer passes through its middle part. India is situated on the northern fringe of the Indian Ocean. (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram) South of about 22° north latitude, the country begins to taper and pierces through the Indian Ocean for about 1,600 kilometres in the form of a wedge, dividing the ocean into two seas: the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. India occupies the south-central Peninsula of Asia. It consists of the mainland and two groups of Islands, namely Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India lies midway between the Far East and the Middle East. The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the industrially developed countries of Europe in the East and the underdeveloped countries of East Asia pass close by. India, being centrally located in South Asia, enjoys an advantageous position in trade with Australia and the countries of Africa, the Middle East, and the Far East. Thus, India dominates the Indian Ocean and commands an important strategic position. Her land frontier is 15,106 kilometres long. Her northern borderland, being mountainous, is very difficult to cross, and it offers very few transport facilities for