Tiêu đề STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION (ANIMAL HUSBANDRY).pdf ✅

 Digital www.allendigital.in [ 139 ] 1. Introduction : • Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. As such it is a vital skill for farmers and is as much science as it is art. • Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc., that are useful to humans. Extended, it includes poultry farming and fisheries. • Fisheries include rearing, catching, selling, etc., of fish, molluscs (shell-fish) and crustaceans (prawns, crabs, etc.). • Since time immemorial, animals like bees, silk-worm, prawns, crabs, fishes, birds, pigs, cattle, sheep and camels have been used by humans for products like milk, eggs, meat, wool, silk, honey, etc. • It is estimated that more then 70 per cent of the world livestock population is in India and China. However, it is surprising to note that the contribution to the world farm produce is only 25 per cent, i.e., the productivity per unit is very low. • Hence, in addition to conventional practices of animal breeding and care, newer technologies also have to be applied to achieve improvement in quality and productivity. 2. Dairy Farm Management : • Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its products for human consumption. • In dairy farm management, we deal with processes and systems that increase yield and improve quality of milk. • Milk yield is primarily dependent on the quality of breeds in the farm. Selection of good breeds having high yielding potential (under the climatic conditions of the area), combined with resistance to diseases is very important. • For the yield potential to be realised the cattle have to be well looked after – they have to be housed well, should have adequate water and be maintained disease free. • The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific manner – with special emphasis on the quality and quantity of fodder. • Besides, stringent cleanliness and hygiene (both of the cattle and the handlers) are of paramount importance while milking, storage and transport of the milk and its products. • Nowadays, of course, much of these processes have become mechanised, which reduces chance of direct contact of the produce with the handler. • Ensuring these stringent measures would of course, require regular inspections, with proper record keeping. It would also help to identify and rectify the problems as early as possible. • Regular visits by a veterinary doctor would be mandatory. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 03 (Animal Husbandry)
NEET : Biology [ 140 ] www.allendigital.in  Digital (1) Livestock : Domesticated animals, especially the farm animals, kept for profit are collectively called as livestock. e.g. Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goat, Pigs, Horses, Camel etc. (2) Breed : A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration, etc., are said to belong to a breed. (A) Breeds of Cattle/Cow (Bos indicus) : Depending upon the utility, the cattle are classified into the following groups - (i) Milch breeds (Milk producing animal) (ii) Draught breeds (Used for working) (iii) General utility breeds (Can be used for both purpose) Indian breeds of Cattle : Milch Breeds Distribution 1. Gir Rajasthan, Gujarat 2. Sahiwal (Best in India) Punjab, Haryana, U.P. 3. Red Sindhi Andhra Pradesh 4. Deoni Andhra Pradesh 5. Rathi Rajasthan Draught Breeds Distribution 1. Malvi Raj., M.P. 2. Nageri Haryana, Delhi, U.P. Exotic breeds of cattle : Holstein-Friesian (Best milch breed in world), Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Brown swiss, Red Dane. (B) Breeds of Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) : Surti, Niliravi, Nagpuri (Ellichpuri), Jaffrabadi, Bhadawari, Mehsana, Murrah (Haryana). (C) Breeds of Sheep (Ovis aries) : Dorset, Horn and Merino are exotic breeds of sheep use for good quality of wool, mutton and also use for cross breeding. Indian Breeds of Sheep : Breed Distribution Use 1. Patanwadi Gujarat Wool for army hosiery 2. Lohi Punjab, Rajasthan Milk, good quality wool. 3. Rampur-Bushair UP, HP, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana Superior Cloth, Brown Colour fleece 4. Nali Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan Superior carpet wool Jersey
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production (Animal Husbandry)  Digital www.allendigital.in [ 141 ] (D) Breeds of Goat (Capra capra) : The fine soft wool called PASHMINA is the underfur of Kashmiri & Tibetan goat. Breed Distribution 1. Kashmiri Pashmina Hills of Kashmir, Tibet, HP 2. Gaddi Himachal Pradesh 3. Jamunapari UP, MP (E) Breeds of Pig (Sus sacrofa) : • Pig's meat is called PORK. • The care & management of pigs is called PIGGERY. Indigenous pigs Distribution 1. Ghunghroo Bengal Exotic Pigs 1. Berkshire U.K. 2. Large white Yorkshire U.K. (F) Mules & Hinny : • Male Horse × Female Donkey = Hinny (Sterile) • Female Horse × Male Donkey = Mule (Sterile) • Stallions are uncastrated male horse especially used for breeding purpose. 3. Animal Breeding : • Breeding of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry. Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and improving the desirable qualities of the produce. • For what kind of characters would we breed animals? Would the selection of characters differ with the choice of animals? • When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while crosses between different breeds are called outbreeding. (1) In-breeding : • Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. • The breeding strategy is as follows – superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs. • The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating. • A superior female, in the case of cattle, is the cow or buffalo that produces more milk per lactation. On the other hand, a superior male is the bull, which gives rise to superior progeny as compared to those of other males. • Try to recollect the homozygous purelines developed by Mendel. A similar strategy is used for developing purelines in cattle as was used in case of peas. Mule
NEET : Biology [ 142 ] www.allendigital.in  Digital • Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Thus inbreeding is necessary if we want to evolve a pureline in any animal. • Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. • It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. • Therefore, this approach, where there is selection at each step, increases the productivity of inbreed population. However, continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. • Whenever this becomes a problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps restore fertility and yield. (2) Out-breeding : • Out-breeding is the breeding of the unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed (but having no common ancestors), or between different breeds (cross-breeding) or different species (inter-specific hybridisation). (A) Out-crossing : This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6 generations. The offspring of such a mating is known as an out-cross. It is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in milk production, growth rate in beef cattle, etc. A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression. (B) Cross-breeding : In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Cross- breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined. The progeny hybrid animals may themselves be used for commercial production. Alternatively, they may be subjected to some form of inbreeding and selection to develop new stable breeds that may be superior to the existing breeds. Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach. Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Merino rams. Aa AA AA AA Aa Aa aa AA Aa Out-crossing Inbreeding depression Fertility & Productivity a = mutant harmful allele Out-cross Unrelated animal of same breed