Tiêu đề 06 DevPsy - Middle Childhood Development.pdf ✅

○ Growth in connections between the temporal and parietal lobes occur at age 6-13 ○ Changes in density in the corpus callosum may also underlie the advances seen in fine motor control in late childhood Motor Development and Physical Activity ● Most children in developing countries go to work, minimizing time for play, resulting to growth stunts ● In the US, school-age children now spend less time on outdoor activities ● As children develop, gross and fine motor skills gradually develop ● Recess ○ Games children tend to play at recess tend to be informal ○ Most recess activity involves socializing with peers ■ Boys favor physically active games ■ Girls favors games that include verbal expression or counting aloud ○ Younger children spend more time running and chasing each other ○ About 10 percent of schoolchildren’s free play in the early grades, peaking in middle childhood, consists of rough-and-tumble play ● Organized Sports ○ 6-9 year olds need more flexible rules, shorter instruction time, and more free time for practice ○ Older children are better able to process instruction and learn team strategies HEALTH, FITNESS, AND SAFETY Obesity ● Overweight: body mass index between 85th-95th percentile ● Obesity: body mass index over the 95th percentile ● A major health issue for children in most countries, more are underweight in some developing countries Body Image ● Become important in middle childhood, especially in girls ● May develop into eating disorders ● Playing with physically unrealistic dolls may be an influence in that direction Causes of Obesity ● Can result from an inherited tendency aggravated by too little exercise ● Children are more likely to be overweight if they have overweight family members ● Inactivity is also a major factor in the rise in overweight children ● Preadolescent girls, children with disabilities, children who live in public housing, and children in unsafe neighborhoods with no facilities for outdoor exercise are most likely to be sedentary Impact of Overweight ● Children commonly have medical problems, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high insulin levels ● Overweight children are also at risk for behavior problems, depression, low self-esteem, and falling behind in physical and social functioning ● Overweight children are 5x more likely to be obese in adulthood ● They are at risk for problems in adulthood with hypertension, heart disease, orthopedic problems, diabetes, and more Other Medical Conditions ● Acute Medical Conditions: occasional, short-term conditions such as infections and warts are common ● Chronic Medical Conditions: illnesses or impairments that persis for at least 3 months ○ Asthma: chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing ■ Prevalence has leveled off in developed countries ■ Increasing in developing countries ■ Causes include presence of a gene variant, low level of vitamin D, smoke exposure, and pollution ○ Diabetes: characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, action, or both ■ Type I: insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed (highly genetic) ■ Type II: insulin resistance and used to be found mainly in overweight and older adults ● Childhood hypertension ● Accidental Injuries COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGETIAN APPROACH 2 | @studywithky