Tiêu đề RESEARCH.pdf ✅

RESEARCH Definition and Nature of Research A. What is Research? ▪ Research is a systematic inquiry or investigation aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising facts, theories, or applications. It involves a methodical and organized approach to gathering and analyzing information. ▪ It is a process of investigation that seeks to answer specific questions, solve problems, or understand phenomena. ▪ At its core, research is a problem-solving activity, whether the "problem" is a gap in knowledge, a societal challenge, or a practical issue. B. Characteristics of Scientific Research ▪ Empirical: Based on observable evidence or data collected through senses or instruments. Claims must be supported by verifiable observations. ▪ Objective: Conducted in an unbiased manner, striving for neutrality and minimizing personal prejudices or subjective interpretations. Findings should be verifiable by other researchers. ▪ Systematic: Follows a logical, organized, and structured process or methodology. It is not haphazard; it involves well-defined steps. ▪ Controlled: In experimental research, variables are managed or manipulated to isolate cause- and-effect relationships. In other research types, confounding factors are acknowledged and addressed. ▪ Logical: Follows principles of valid reasoning, drawing conclusions that are rationally supported by the evidence (e.g., using inductive or deductive reasoning). ▪ Verifiable: The results and conclusions can be checked or confirmed by other researchers replicating the study or reviewing the data. ▪ Replicable: The methods and procedures used are described clearly and precisely enough for other researchers to repeat the study and achieve similar results, thus ensuring the reliability of the findings. C. Types of Knowledge ▪ Traditional Knowledge: Based on customs, beliefs, and practices passed down through generations within a community (e.g., folklore, indigenous knowledge). ▪ Authoritative Knowledge: Acquired from experts, revered texts, or credible sources without necessarily undergoing rigorous empirical testing (e.g., religious texts, pronouncements from leaders). ▪ Logical Knowledge: Derived through reasoning and deduction from established premises or axioms (e.g., mathematical proofs, philosophical arguments). ▪ Empirical Knowledge: Gained through observation, experimentation, and sensory experience. This is the foundation of scientific research. Purposes and Importance of Research Research serves multiple critical purposes, driving progress in various domains. A. Primary Purposes (Why we conduct research) ▪ To Describe: To characterize a phenomenon, population, or situation accurately. (e.g., "What are the characteristics of plastic waste in Cebu City's coastal areas?"). ▪ To Explain: To understand why phenomena occur; to identify cause-and-effect relationships. (e.g., "Why do certain marine species decline in areas with high plastic pollution?"). ▪ To Predict: To forecast future phenomena or outcomes based on established relationships and patterns. (e.g., "What will be the projected sea level rise in Manila Bay by 2050 based on current climate models?"). ▪ To Control: To manipulate variables to influence outcomes in a desired way (often a goal in applied research or engineering). (e.g., "How can


▪ Researchable: Can be investigated through data collection. D. Defining Scope and Delimitations: Scope of the Study: ▪ Clearly defines the boundaries and extent of the research. It specifies what the study will cover. ▪ What concepts, variables, populations, geographical areas, and time periods will be included. ▪ Example: "This study will investigate the impact of plastic pollution on marine biodiversity in the coastal areas of Cebu City, focusing on macroplastic accumulation from 2020-2023." Delimitations of the Study: ▪ Specifies the boundaries or limitations that the researcher intentionally sets for the study. These are choices made by the researcher to narrow the scope. ▪ What will not be covered, or specific choices made that limit the generalizability. ▪ Example: "This study will be delimited to macroplastic pollution and will not include microplastic analysis. Data collection will be limited to three specific coastal barangays in Cebu City." II. Reviewing Related Literature (RRL) The RRL is a critical component that establishes the intellectual context for your research. A. Purpose and Importance of RRL ▪ Establishing Context: Provides background information and situates your study within the broader academic discourse of your field. ▪ Identifying Gaps: Reveals what is already known and, more importantly, what is not known or what contradictory findings exist, thus justifying the need for your study. ▪ Avoiding Duplication: Prevents redundant research by ensuring you're not simply repeating a study that has already been conclusively done. ▪ Developing Theoretical Framework: Helps identify relevant theories, models, or conceptual frameworks that can guide your research design and interpretation. ▪ Justifying Methodology: Informs your choice of research design, methods, and instruments by showing what approaches have been successful (or unsuccessful) in similar studies. ▪ Understanding Previous Findings: Provides insights into common challenges, limitations, and best practices in your area of interest. B. Sources of Literature 1. Primary Sources: Original, first-hand accounts or direct evidence. ▪ Examples: Peer-reviewed journal articles reporting original research, conference papers, theses and dissertations, government reports, patents, original historical documents. 2. Secondary Sources: Interpretations, analyses, or summaries of primary sources. ▪ Examples: Review articles (synthesize multiple primary studies), textbooks, encyclopedias, popular science magazines, news articles (use with caution). 3. Tertiary Sources: Compilations or summaries of primary and secondary sources. Useful for initial overview. C. Literature Search Strategies ▪ Keywords: Identify key terms related to your research question. Use synonyms and related terms. ▪ Boolean Operators: Use logical operators to refine searches: ▪ AND: Narrows results (e.g., "climate change AND agriculture"). ▪ OR: Broadens results (e.g., "pollution OR contamination").