Tiêu đề Chap 11 ✅

Week 11 Sociolinguistics & Discourse Analysis - Conversation Analysis: focus is on conversational structures and principles (no information about participants’ background) - Interactional Sociolinguistics: wider contexts: conversations, participants’ background - Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): power and inequality - Corpus Ling: large scale Conversation Analysis (CA) Question: Is a conversation an organized or unorganized speech? Unplanned speech is NOT unorganized speech => Unplanned: conversations exhibit certain characteristics (repetitions; simple active sentences; speaker and listener combining to construct propositions; stringing of clauses together with and or but or the juxtapositioning of clauses with no overt links at all; deletion of subjects and referents; and use of deictics, etc.) => Organized: in every conversation, we are following norms/procedures and using them to interpret the speech of others. Không plan được nhưng vẫn organized Question: Is a conversation an organized or unorganized speech? - The primary goal of CA is to unveil conversational structure and its underlying principles. - CA examines HOW people manage conversations; how talk proceeds in turns; how one utterance relates to another, often in a paired relationship; how topics are introduced, developed, and changed; and so on → Ethnomethodological approach - CA focuses solely on the recorded data and transcripts; any conclusions investigators draw must emerge exclusively from these data Adjacency pairs - Each turn at talk is the response to some previous talk and, by its utterance, provides a context in which the next turn at talk will be heard (Liddicoat, 2007) - Adjacency pair: Related utterances produced by two successive speakers in such a way that the second utterance is identified as a follow up to the first. - The second pair part can be either preferred or disprefered. Example: greeting-return of greeting/ignorance, question-answer/silence request-acceptance/refusal, complaint-apology/rejection


Repairs Repairs occur when some kind of ‘trouble' arises during the course of conversation. - other-initiated repair: an interjection by a listener (e.g., "Excuse me' or what?" - self-repair: when the speaker seeks to clarify in some way what is being said and not being understood, or correct or further elaborate on what has been said Institutional talk In certain settings, some of the principles we customarily use in conversation are not used at all, or are used in special ways, or are used in an 'abnormal' manner. Activity: Can you describe a classroom talk and a conversation in a doctor's office? (read the book) (tuân theo quy tắc, vai trò xã hội vd: giảng bài, chuẩn đoán,...) Interactional Socio linguistics 'the search for replicable methods of qualitative analysis that account for our ability to interpret what participants intend to convey in everyday communicative practice" (Gumperz, 2003, p.4) Rampton's works on Youth Speech in Multicultural London Key Concepts: - "crossing" — switching between different speech styles - social class positionings Methodology: ethnographic approach - interactional data - knowledge of participants' backgrounds and speech ideologies Findings: - Cockney associated with vigor, passion, bodily laxity - Posh linked to social distance, constraint, and inhibition Data and Methodologies - Interactional sociolinguistics looks at a wider context than just the particular interaction being studied - Data: - recording and transcribing conversational data