Tiêu đề Chương 15 - Đánh giá tại lớp, Chấm điểm, và Kiểm tra chuẩn hoá.docx ✅

● Làm cách nào bạn có thể kết hợp tất cả các yếu tố lại với nhau để xác định điểm cho từng học sinh trong mỗi đợt chấm điểm? ● Bạn sẽ giải thích hệ thống chấm điểm của mình ra sao với hiệu trưởng và phụ huynh, đặc biệt khi các giáo viên trong trường dùng rất nhiều tiêu chí khác nhau? ● Bạn nghĩ gì về số lượng lớn các tiêu chí đang được các giáo viên sử dụng - điều này có công bằng với học sinh không? ● Các vấn đề này sẽ ảnh hưởng đến khối lớp bạn giảng dạy như thế nào? Overview and Objectives Khái quát và Mục tiêu As you read this cluster, you will examine assessment, testing, and grading, focusing not only on the effects they are likely to have on students but also on practical ways to develop better methods for testing and grading. Teachers who are experts in assessment have developed ways to assign, collect, evaluate, organize, and return student work and then use the results of assessments to plan future instruction. They make it look easy, but as you learned in Cluster 13, routines have to be taught, explained, and practiced to work smoothly. The same holds for assessment and grading routines (Fives & Barnes, 2020). If you are feeling a bit challenged and unsure of your skills in these different areas, you are not alone. Even experienced teachers feel inadequately prepared for this important task (Ayalon & Wilkie, 2020). The goal of this cluster is to get you ready! I (Anita in this cluster) begin with a consideration of the basic concepts in assessment, including reliability, validity, and absence of bias. Next, we examine the many types of tests teachers prepare each year and approaches to assessment that don’t rely on traditional testing. Then, we explore the effects grades are likely to have on students and the very important topic of communicating with students and families. How will you justify the grades you give? Finally, because standardized tests are so important today, we spend some time looking at testing, the meaning of test scores, alternatives to traditional testing, and the role of tests in teacher evaluation. By the time you have completed this cluster, you should be able to: 15.1 Describe the basics of assessment, including types of assessments (standardized tests, classroom assessments, and measurements as well as formative, interim, and summative assessments), and explain how reliability, validity, and absence of bias are used to understand and judge assessments. 15.2 Describe two kinds of test interpretations (norm-referenced and criterion-referenced), how to use selected-response and constructed-response/essay testing appropriately in teaching, and the advantages as well as criticisms of traditional testing. 15.3 Explain how to use formative assessment to improve instruction and describe ways to design and evaluate authentic assessments, including portfolios, performances, and the development of rubrics. 15.4 Describe the effects of grading on students and the types of strategies teachers can use to communicate to parents about grades.