Tiêu đề Pembahasan GURU Ekonomi - Hardiknas Offline 2024.pdf ✅

Page 1 of 15 BIDANG : EKONOMI GURU OLIMPIADE SAINS HARDIKNAS 2024 FOKUS – HEBAT – JUARA SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN EKONOMI GURU OLIMPIADE SAINS HARDIKNAS OFFLINE (Konsep Dasar Ilmu Ekonomi) 1. The law of diminishing return best illustrated by which of the following curves? A. The demand curve B. The supply curve C. Average cost curve D. Total revenue curve E. Marginal product curve Jawaban : E Pembahasan : Kurva produk marjinal menunjukkan terjadinya diminishing return, yaitu ketika produk marjinal menurun seiring dengan semakin banyaknya penggunaan tenaga kerja. (Elastisitas) 2. Given the following equation: If A is negative, then the conclusion that is true is A. Y is not a normal good B. X is not a normal good C. Y is a substitution of X D. X is a substitute for Y E. X and Y are complementary goods Jawaban : E Pembahasan : A merupakan elastisitas silang yang mengukur pengaruh perubahan harga Y terhadap jumlah permintaan barang X. Jika elastisitas silang bernilai negatif, maka kedua barang tersebut adalah barang komplementer. (Permintaan dan Penawaran) 3. The demand curve for inferior goods is... A. Horizontal B. Vertical C. Upward-sloping D. Downward-sloping, flatter than normal goods E. Downward-sloping, steeper than normal goods Jawaban : E Pembahasan : Kurva permintaan barang inferior masih berbentuk menurun dari kiri atas ke kanan bawah namun lebih curam dari barang normal, karena efek substitusinya berlawanan dengan efek pendapatan. (Sistem Ekonomi) 4. Subsistence economy is A. An advanced economic system in which economic activities are mainly concentrated in the industrial and service sectors, and carry out economic activities in an efficient manner and achieve high levels of productivity.
Page 2 of 15 BIDANG : EKONOMI GURU OLIMPIADE SAINS HARDIKNAS 2024 FOKUS – HEBAT – JUARA B. An economic system in which production and consumption activities are regulated through interactions among sellers and buyers in the market for goods. C. An economic system in which economic activity is very limited and each household carries out producing activities for use in its family and not traded D. An economic system in which the level of specialization is already very high, workers receive income in the form of money and money is used to buy and sell goods and services E. None of the above Jawaban : C Pembahasan : Berbeda dengan perekonomian pasar bebas yang menyediakan barang dan jasa untuk perekonomian serta mencari keuntungan, perekonomian subsisten kegiatannya sangat terbatas sehingga produksi yang dilakukan rumah tangga hanya cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sendiri. (Konsep Dasar Ilmu Ekonomi) 5. The production possibilities curve can be used to explain some of the following questions, except... A. To what extent the ability of the factors of production to produce goods and services. B. How society will make choices about the goods that must be produced. C. How the development of factors of production and technological developments will affect the development of society's ability to produce D. What are the effects of society's inability to use factors of production efficiently E. What is the optimal selling price taking into account the factors of production. Jawaban : E Pembahasan : Harga jual optimal tidak diilustrasikan melalui kurva batas kemungkinan produksi. (Permintaan dan Penawaran) 6. Harga keseimbangan akan tetap jika... A. Terjadi excess demand B. Terjadi excess supply C. Pemerintah menetapkan kebijakan binding price floor D. Pemerintah menetapkan kebijakan binding price ceiling E. Pemerintah menetapkan kebijakan non-binding price ceiling Jawaban : E Pembahasan : Non-binding price ceiling artinya adalah kebijakan harga maksimum yang ditetapkan di atas harga keseimbangan sehingga tidak terjadi excess demand karena harga keseimbangannya masih berada di bawah dari harga maksimum yang ditetapkan pemerintah. (Inflasi) 7. Inflation is the tendency to increase the price of goods and services in general that lasts continuously. The party responsible for calculating the inflation rate in Indonesia is the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). As an economist, you want to update your calculations using the inflation rate from the third quarter of 2023 (year-on-year September 2023) according to BPS calculations. The inflation rate you use is in the range of... A. Less than 1% B. Greater than or equal to 1%, but less than 1.5% C. Greater than or equal to 1.5%, but less than 2% D. Greater than or equal to 2%, but less than 2.5%. E. Greater than or equal to 2.5% Jawaban : D Pembahasan : Berdasarkan data dari BPS, inflasi Indonesia dari kuartal III 2023 (yoy September 2023) bernilai 2.28%.
Page 3 of 15 BIDANG : EKONOMI GURU OLIMPIADE SAINS HARDIKNAS 2024 FOKUS – HEBAT – JUARA (Pendapatan Nasional) 8. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total market value of all products and services produced in a year with labor and property provided by all residents or citizens regardless of the location of production. The World Bank uses GNP as a benchmark for income class and one of the economic indicators of a country. As of July 2023, the World Bank includes Indonesia in one of the groups. Currently, Indonesia is a country that is in the group A. High income B. Middle-top income C. Secondary income D. Middle-bottom income E. Low income Jawaban : B Pembahasan : Menurut Bank Dunia per Juli 2023, Indonesia termasuk ke dalam kategori negara dengan pendapatan menengah-atas. Negara pendapatan menengah atas memiliki pendapatan per kapita USD4.466-13.845, ambang batas ini naik dari sebelumnya USD4.256-13.205. (Permintaan dan Penawaran) 9. The activity of sellers in offering their goods at different price levels is determined by several factors. Which of the following factors is not considered as a supply determinant? A. Price Of the item itself B. Price of other goods C. Objectives of the company's operations D. Level of technology used E. None of the above Jawaban : E Pembahasan : Semua pilihan dari opsi A-D merupakan faktor yang menentukan penawaran. (Kebijakan Pemerintah) 10. To stabilize prices and incomes of agricultural producers, various countries intervene in the determination of production and prices. Intervention can be done in several ways such as: i. Limit (determine quota) the level of production that can be done by each producer. ii. Make purchases of goods that want to be stabilized in price on the free market. iii. Provide subsidies to consumers when the market price is lower than the price deemed appropriate by the government. The correct statement of the above options is A. I B. I, II C. I, III D. II, III E. I, II, III Jawaban : B Pembahasan : i. Membatasi (menentukan kuota) tingkat produksi yang dapat dilakukan tiap-tiap produsen. (Dengan kebijakan kuota, suplai barang pertanian dapat dikendalikan sehingga tidak terjadi over supply) ii. Melakukan pembelian-pembelian barang yang ingin distabilkan harganya di pasaran bebas. (Kebijakan ini disebut dengan price support)
Page 4 of 15 BIDANG : EKONOMI GURU OLIMPIADE SAINS HARDIKNAS 2024 FOKUS – HEBAT – JUARA iii. Memberikan subsidi kepada konsumen apabila harga pasar adalah lebih rendah daripada harga yang dianggap sesuai oleh pemerintah. (Salah, karena seharusnya mengenakan pajak kepada konsumen atau menerapkan kebijakan harga minimum) (Teori Perilaku Konsumen) 11. The demand function for Pizza X is as follows, where I is consumer income, PX is the price of Pizza X, and PY is the price of Pizza Y. If: I = 2000, PX = 10, PY = 9. Which of the following statements is true. A. Pizza X demand is inelastic B. Pizza X is not a normal item C. Pizza X is the substitution of Pizza Y D. Cannot be drawn conclusions from the information provided E. None of the above Jawaban : C Pembahasan : Cukup lihat koefisien pada PY yang bernilai positif. Hal ini menandakan bahwa elastisitas silang antara X dan Y pasti bernilai positif (barang substitusi) tanpa perlu mengadakan perhitungan. (Teori Perilaku Konsumen) 12. If the utility function of a good is : with PX = 500/unit and PY = 200/unit, Consumer income = 50,000, what is the total expenditure of item Y? A. Smaller than 20,000. B. Greater than or equal to 20,000, but smaller than 23,000. C. Greater than or equal to 23,000, but smaller than 26,000. D. Greater than or equal to 26,000, but smaller than 30,000. E. Greater than or equal to 30,000. Jawaban : E Pembahasan : UXY = (X0.04Y 0.08) 0.25 = X0.01Y 0.02 MUX/MUY = PX/PY 0.01X-0.99Y 0.02/0.02X0.01Y -0.98 = 500/200 Y/2X = 5/2 Y = 5X, X = 0.2Y Garis anggaran : 500X + 200Y = 50.000 500(0,2Y) + 200Y = 50.000 300Y = 50.000 Y = 166,66 Pengeluaran Y = 166,66 x 200 = 33.333,33