Tiêu đề INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY. MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MICROBIAL WORLD AND RELATIONSHIP AMONG THEM (1).pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY:  Microbiology is the study of living organisms of microscopic size which include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.  This term was introduced by a French Chemist Louis Pasteur, who demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeasts. He is known as the Father of Microbiology.  These microorganisms may be seen only by magnifying their images with the microscope.  Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, including humans, animals, plants, soil, water, food and the atmosphere.  Microorganisms can multiply in these habitats by utilizing different nutrients. These microorganisms may be beneficial or harmful to human life. Microbiology is one of the largest and complex biological sciences as it deals with many diverse biological disciplines. The branches that come under microbiology are categorized into "pure" and "applied" sciences. Branches of pure sciences under microbiology are classified as:  Bacteriology (study of bacteria),  Mycology (study of fungi),  Protozoology (study of protozoa),  Phycology or algology (study of algae),  Parasitology (study of parasitism and parasites),  Microbial Taxonomy (study of classification of microorganisms),  Genetics (study of heredity and variations) and  Immunology (study of mechanism involved in the development of resistance by body to infectious diseases). INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY. MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MICROBIAL WORLD AND RELATIONSHIP AMONG THEM
PHARMD GURU Page 2 APPLIED BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY: The prominent applied branches of microbiology are classified as follows: 1) Medical Microbiology: It deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings. It deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and control of infection. Medical microbiology has close links with other disciplines such as pathology, clinical medicine, pharmacology cum therapeutics and preventive medicine. 2) Pharmaceutical Microbiology: It deals with the study of microorganisms which are responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins and other pharmaceutical substances. It is also the study of microorganisms which can contaminate pharmaceutical products, raw materials, manufacturing areas and foods. It includes study of microorganisms which are used in the treatment of industrial waste material, ayurvedic plant growth promotion, steroid biotransformation and biological indicators. It also includes methods of sterilization and disinfection, microbiological testing of pharmaceuticals, sterile product preparation and diagnosis of diseases and treatment. 3) Industrial Microbiology: It is the study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics and other drugs. It also includes fermentation techniques used for the production of different compounds. 4) Microbial Biotechnology: It is the scientific manipulation of living organisms, especially at the molecular and genetic level to produce useful products such as antibiotics, enzymes and amino acids. 5) Food Microbiology: It deals with the interaction of microorganisms and food in relation to food bioprocessing, food spoilage, food borne diseases, their prevention and includes preparation and preservation of food products. Food microbiology also includes the study of normal flora of foods, their significance and the techniques used for protection of food from microbial contamination. 6) Soil Microbiology: It is the study of microbial flora and the interactions among soil microorganisms. It also includes the biogeochemical role of soil microorganisms. 7) Agricultural Microbiology: It is the study of relationships of microorganisms and crops with an emphasis on the control of plant diseases and improvement of yields.
PHARMD GURU Page 3 8) Aquatic Microbiology: It is the study of microorganisms and their activities in fresh and marine waters including lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries and seas. It also includes water purification, microbiological examination and biological degradation of wastes. 9) Air Microbiology: It deals with the role of aerospora in contamination and spoilage of food and dissemination of plant and animal diseases through air. 10) Epidemiology: It is concerned with the monitoring, control and spread of diseases in communities. MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MICROBIAL WORLD & RELATIONSHIP AMONG THEM:  The existence of the microbial world was unknown until the invention of microscopes because microorganisms are too small to be seen clearly by the naked eye.  The principle of telescope and microscope was accidentally discovered in 1609 by Zacharias Jansen (Dutch spectacle maker).  The first to apply this invention of microscope to medicine was Professor Athanasius Kircher (1602 – 1680). He examined the blood of patients suffering from plague and through a microscope saw countless masses of small worms invisible to the naked eye. He attributed this worm like structures to be the causative agents of plague.  In 1665, Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) an English scientist used a simple lens that magnified objects. He examined the slices of cork from the bark of an oak tree. He observed that cork was made of tiny boxes that he referred to as 'cells'. The credit for developing a compound microscope with multiple lenses and describing the world of the microbes goes to Robert Hooke. ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK AND MICROSCOPY:  Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) was the greatest of all microscopists. He made many observations through the microscope (Fig. 1.1).  The Leeuwenhoek's microscope consists of spherical lens was mounted between two small metal plates.  The culture or specimen was placed on the point of a blunt pin attached to back plate and was brought into focus by manipulating screw.
PHARMD GURU Page 4  He was the first to observe and accurately describe the shape of human red blood cells as well as the little agents of disease 'animalcules'.  He took the scurf from the root of decayed tooth and mixed it with clean rain water and saw the mobility in animalcules.  In 1683, he described and sketched different forms of animalcules such as rods, spheres and spiral shapes which are nothing but the morphological forms of bacteria. This was first recorded observation of bacteria. He discovered major classes of bacteria, protozoa, algae, yeasts, erythrocytes and spermatozoa. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, (Dutch merchant) had little formal education but his keen interest in nature made him examine a variety of materials. Glass grinding and preparation of lenses was his hobby and this led him to assemble 250 simple microscopes. He often used a magnifying glass to study the weaves of the various types of cloth. He observed and measured a large number of minute living organisms, including bacteria and protozoa and communicated this to the Royal Society of London in 1684. In his letter of 1684, he described his experiments on the inhibitory effect of acetic acid on microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek transmitted his discoveries to the Royal Society in the form of a long series of letters written in Dutch. Most of these letters were transmitted and published in English in the Proceedings of Royal Society.