Tiêu đề Notes 1.pdf ✅

3  Industry, Businesses ( Tourist Information)  Defense  Urban management ( Water Supply, Power Supply, Drainage Mgmt)  Land Information System  Transportation Management  River Management  Shipping Route Management  Railway GIS The following are some of those areas where GIS can be fruitfully applied: One of the first major areas of application was in natural resources management, including management of • Wildlife habitat, • Wild and scenic rivers, • Recreation resources, • Floodplains, • Wetlands, • Agricultural lands, • Forests. One of the largest areas of application has been in facilities management. Uses for GIS in this area have included • Locating underground pipes and cables, • Balancing loads in electrical networks, • Planning facility maintenance Local, state, and federal governments have found GIS particularly useful in land management. GIS has been commonly applied in areas like: • Zoning and subdivision planning, • Land acquisition, • Environmental impact policy, • Water quality management, • Maintenance of ownership. More recent and innovative uses of GIS have used information based on street-networks. GIS has been found to be particularly useful in
4 • Address matching, • Location analysis or site selection, • Development of evacuation plans. The range of applications for GIS is growing as systems become more efficient, more common, and less expensive. An important distinction between GIS applications is whether the geographic phenomena studied are man-made or natural. Clearly, setting up a cadastral information system, or using GIS for urban planning purposes involves a study of man-made things mostly: the parcels, roads, sidewalks, and at larger scale, suburbs and transportation routes are all man made. These entities often have – or are assumed to have – clear cut boundaries: we know, for instance, where one parcel ends another begins. On the other hand, geomorphologists, ecologists and soil scientists often have natural phenomena as their study objects. This may be looking at rock formations, plate tectonics, distribution of natural vegetation or soil units. Often these entities do not have clear-cut boundaries and there exists transition zones where one vegetation type, for instance, is gradually replaced by another. It is not uncommon, of course, to find GIS applications that do a bit of both natural and manmade entities. Examples are common in areas where we study the effect of human activity on the environment. Rail road construction is such an area: it may involve parcels to be reclaimed by government, it deals with environmental impact assessment and will usually be influenced by many restrictions, such as not crossing seasonally flooded lands, and staying within inclination extremes in hilly terrain. A second distinction in application of GIS stems from the overall purposes of use of the system. A prototypical use of GIS is that of a research project with an explicitly defined project objective. Such projects usually have a priori defined duration. Feasibility studies like site suitability, but also simulation studies, for instance in erosion modeling, are examples. We call all of these project based GIS applications. In contrast to these is what we call institutional GIS applications. They can be categorized in various ways. The duration of these applications is either indefinite or at least not a priori defined. Their goal is to provide base data to other, not to address a single research issue. The example is in governmental agencies like national topographic surveys, cadastral organizations and national census bureaus. They see it as their task to administer (geographic) changes, and their main business is to stay up-to-date, and provide data to others either in the form of printed materials such as maps or in the form of digital data. The input for GIS can be obtained from remote sensing (RS) satellite Image, aerial photos, Survey of topographical maps, Census data, scanned paper maps and GPS (Global Positioning System)-derived data. Depending on the kind of study and output required, the type of input and analysis will vary. The power of GIS lies in its integration capability between spatial (geographical) and non-spatial or tabular data. Once this relationship is established, any analysis can be performed which will directly answer a set of questions regarding real world problems. Listed here are some examples which tell how GIS assumes greater significance in understanding our basic equirements: • Which is the best route between Kalanki and Ratnapark having minimal road intersection with good road and lesser traffic jam during peak hours? • Identify the roads served by Metro water tank in Kalanki with a population between 1,000 and 1,500?