Tiêu đề Cheat Notes - Our Environment (Prashant Kirad).pdf ✅

The ecosystem which exist in nature on its own. Example: forest, lake, ocean. Aquatic Biotic components Include organisms which decompose the dead plants and animals. Example: bacteria, fungi, earthworms Consumers Decomposers Environment Environment: everything that is around us, which includes both living and nonliving things such as soil, water, animals and plants, which adapt themselves to their surroundings. Ecosystem: a community of living organisms and their physical environment that interact together in a specific area Natural ecosystem Artificial ecosystem Territorial Marine Fresh water Forest Desert Grassland Man-made ecosystem. (Aquarium, Garden, Crop field etc ) Components of Ecosystem OUR ENVIROMENT Producers All green plants and blue green algae can produce their own food using abiotic factors. (i) Herbivores: Plant Eaters e.g., goat, deer, etc. Living Organism Include all animals which depend on producers directly or indirectly for their food (ii) Carnivores: Flesh Eaters e.g., tiger, crocodile, etc. (iii) Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals e.g., human. Autotrophs Heterotrophs Aboitic Components Physical factors Chemical factors Organic Inorganic Protein, fats Hydrogen ,Oxygen Air Water Minerals Soil Non living organisms Fundamental energy driving our climate system Sunlight Ecosystem The physical and biological surroundings where organisms live. A system where living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components interact. Includes all the external conditions affecting an organism's life. Includes interactions like food chains, food webs, and nutrient cycles. Environment changes as an organism moves from one place to another. Ecosystems remain stable regardless of an organism's movement. How Ecosystem Works? 1.Sunlight – Primary energy source. 2.Producers – Plants make food via photosynthesis. 3.Herbivores – Eat plants (Primary consumers). 4.Carnivores – Eat animals (Secondary/Tertiary consumers). 5.Decomposers – Break down dead organisms. 6.Nutrient Recycling – Nutrients return to soil for reuse. Food Chain: A series of organisms feeding on one another. Food web: is a network of interconnected food chains showing complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. It demonstrates how each organism can be consumed by multiple organisms and vice versa. Trophic level It is the position an organism occupies in a food chain, based on its role in the flow of energy First Level: Autotrophs/Producers (e.g., green plants) Fix solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. Second Level: Herbivores/Primary Consumers Third Level: Small carnivores/Secondary Consumers Fourth Level: Larger carnivores/Tertiary Consumers Bio magnification: Progressive accumulation of harmful chemicals (e.g., pesticides) in organisms at higher trophic levels. The 10% law of energy transfer, proposed by Raymond Lindeman, states that only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next level in a food chain. The remaining 90% is lost as heat, during movement, growth, and other life processes. Green plants capture 1% of solar energy falling on their leaves. At each trophic level: Heat loss: A large part of energy is lost as heat to the environment. 10% Rule: Only 10% of the consumed energy is converted into biomass and made available to the next level. Due to energy loss, food chains are usually limited to 3-4 levels. Producers are the most numerous, with numbers decreasing progressively at higher trophic levels. Food Chain Food Web A linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by the next organism. A complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. Simple and straightforward, showing one pathway of energy flow. Complex and branched, showing multiple pathways of energy flow. Each organism is linked to only one other organism at the next trophic level. Each organism is connected to multiple organisms at different trophic levels. Less stable; affected if one organism is removed from the chain. More stable; removal of one organism has less impact due to multiple connections. Energy flows in a single direction (unidirectional). Energy flows through multiple interconnected pathways. Example: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk Example: Grass is eaten by grasshoppers, rabbits, or deer, which are eaten by frogs, hawks, or lions. PRASHANT KIRAD