Tiêu đề 01-Crop Production & Management-(Part-1).pdf ✅

CROP PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT 1 CHAPTER CONTENTS • Crop • Crop Seasons • Agriculture Implements • Basic Agricultural Practices ➢ CROP The plants which are grown by man in large numbers to get useful products are known as crops.  Agriculture : • The process of growing crops on a large scale is called agriculture.  Horticulture : • It is the process of growing fruits, vegetables & ornamental plants. ➢ CROP SEASON In India there are two main crop seasons for cultivating crops. These are known as rabi seasons and Kharif season.  Rabi Crops : • These crops are sown in the beginning of winter i.e. between October and November, and harvested by March or April. These crops do not depend on monsoon rains. Exmaples : Wheat, barley, gram, potato, mustard.  Kharif Crops : • These crops are sown at the beginning of the monsson seasons between June and July, and harvested by September or October. These crops depend on monsoon rains for growth. ➢ AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS The tools which are used in cultivation of plant are known as agricultureal implements. Name of implement Uses Name of implement Uses Khurpa For weeding Seed drill For sowing Spade For digging Harrow For weeding Sickle For harvesting Wooden plough For tillage Combines For harvesting and Iron plough For tillage threshin Soil plank For breaking crums Sprayers For spraying Leveller For leveling and insecticides Pressing the soil
➢ BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES All the activities which are involved in cultivation of crops, from sowing to harvesting, are known as agricultural practices. ➢ PREPARATION OF THE SOIL This is the first essential stage for cultivating any crop plant. Preparation of soil involves the following step – ploughing and digging, levelling and manuring. Ploughing and Digging : • The process of loosening and turning up of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a wooden or iron plough. Levelling : • Soil, if ploughed in dry season, breaks into big mud pieces called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs with the help of a wooden plank or iron leveller. The field is levelled for sowing as well as for irrigation. Manuring : • Mixing soil with manure is called manuring. manure is usually added to the soil both before and after tilling. Adding manure before tilling helps in proper mixing of manure with the soil. ➢ SOWING • The process of putting seeds into the soil is called sowing.  Methods of Sowing : • Seeds are sown in the field by any of the three methods described below. Broadcasting : • Seeds are sown manually by directly scattering them into the soil. This process is called broadcasting. Seed Drills : • The other method is to use a seed drill. A simple seed drill consists of an iron tube with a funnel at the top attached to the plough. Fig : SEED DRILL Transplantation : • There are certain crops like paddy and some vegetables for which seeds are not directly sown in the field and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field. This process is known as transplantation. ➢ APPLYING MANURES AND FERTILISERS Crops absorb various nutrients from the soil through their roots. They are required for their growth and development. The replenishment is done by adding mannures and fertilisers to the soil. This process is called manuring.  Manures : • Manures are natural, organic substances obtained by the decomposition of animal wastes and plant residues. They supply essential nutrients and humus to the soil and make it fertile. Manures are of the three kinds : farm yard manure, compost and green manure. Farm Yard Manure : • It consists of cattle dung, urine, straw, leaves and other farmyard wastes. Compost : • It is the manure obtained by the decomposition of dead plants and animal wastes, sewage waste, etc. It is made by burying all available organic material in a pit with alternative layers of soil and leaving it to rot. Green Manure : • Green manure is formed by the decomposition of fast growing leguminous plants like guar and sunhemp. These plants are grown and ploughed back into the soil.
 Advantages of Manure : • It enriches the soil with nutrients. • It adds organic matter to the soil which improves the quality of soil. • It increases water-holding capacity in sandy soil and drainage in clay soil. • It increases the population of useful microorganism in the soil • It improves and maintains the quality of the soil for a long time.  Fertilisers : • A fertiliser is a man-made inorganic compound which supplies specific nutrients to the soil. The most commonly used fertilisers are the NPK fertilisers which are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Chemical fertilisers have becom popular with farmers because most of them are soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plants. They are also easy to store and handle. • Fertilisers are applied either by broadcasting in the field or by spraying or through irrigation channels. Some examples of commonly used fertilisers are urea, ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and potassium nitrate. Table gives the differences between manures and fertilisers Manure Fertiliser 1. Mannures are natural substances. They are formed from dead, decaying organic matter and animal wastes like cow dung, plant residues. 1. Fertilisers are salts or inorganis compounds. They are produced in factories from chemicals. 2. Mannures contain all the essential nutrients required for plants but in small amounts. 2. They are rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. 3. They are very slow-acting on soil. 3. They are quick in action. 4. They provide humus to the soil and also improve its quality. 4. They do not improve the quality of the soil. 5. Manures are not absorbed quickly by the plants as they are not easily soluble. 5. They are soluble in water and can be readly and directly absorbed by the plants . 6. These are not nutrient specific. 6. These are nutrient specific. 7. Mannures are require in large amount. 7. They are concentrated and hence required in small quantities. 8. These are inconvenient to store, transport or apply. 8. They can be conveniently transported, supplied and stored. 9. They take long time to show results and require long time for their preparation. 9. They show immediate results and take less time in their manufacturing. 10. If applied in large quantities, they do not harm the plants. 10. If applied in large quantities, they may kill the plants. Difference Between Manure & Fertiliser
 Natural methods of Replenishing the Soil with Nutrients : Leaving the Field Fallow : • It is the process of leaving the field uncultivated (fallow) for one or more seasons. Fallow land will regenerate the lost nutrients. However, due to high demand of foodgrains this method is no longer followed. Crop Rotation : • It is the method of growing different crops alternately on the same land. Earlier, farmers in northern India used to grow legumes as fodder in one season and wheat in the next season. This practice was helpful in the replenishment of the soil with nitrogen. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt this practice. Multiple Cropping : • Sometimes two or more crops are grown together in the same field. This practice is called mixed cropping or multiple cropping. The crops are chosen in such a way that the products and waste materials from one crop help in the growth of the other. Cotton and groundnut crops are often grown together for this reason. • However, these methods alone are not enough to maintain soil fertility and farmers have to add mannures and fertilisers from time to time. ➢ IRRIGATION Plants need water for proper growth and development. Seeds need water for germination. Plants need water to draw nutrients from the soil and for making food by photosynthesis. Water helps the plant to translocate food from one part to other parts of the body. It also protects the crop from frost and extremely hot air currents. Thus water plays an important role in the life of plants right from the germination stage to the maturity stage.  Sources of Irrigation : • The main sources of irrigation in our country are rivers, lakes, ponds, wells, tubewells, dams and canals. Water from these sources is delivered by irrigation canals or pumped by using electric or diesel pumps.  Traditional methods of Irrigation : • In our country traditional systems of irrigation like the pulley system (moat), chain pump, lever system (rahat) and dhekli have been in use for centuries to lift water from water reservoirs and supply it to the field for irrigation. These methods are cheaper but less efficient. (A) Moat (B) Chain pump (D) Rahat (C) Dhekli Fig. TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRIGATION Fig. Traditional methods of irigation  Modern methods of Irrigation : • There are four modern methods of irrigation commonly used in India : - Furrow Irrigation : • In this method of irrigation, water is allowed to enter the field through channels or furrows made between two rows of crop Basin Irrigation : • In this method of irrigation, the field is just filled with water as in the case of paddy Sprinkler Irrigation :