Tiêu đề Module 1 (b) - Perception (d) - Disruptions in Perception .pdf ✅

2 THE CLASSICAL APPROACH TO PERCEPTION SOME BASIC CONCEPTS Sternber' Distal stimulus Informational medium Proximal stimulus Retinal image Percept Pattern recognition Distal stimulus “Omg it’s Ryan Gosling” Visual : reflected light Informationa@ mediuA Photon absorption in the rod and cone cells of the retina Proxima@ CtimuluD Percept Retina@ imagE GIBSON (1966,1979) 26 APPROACHES TO PERCEPTION 27
3 APPROACHES TO PERCEPTION BOTTOM – UP APPROACH • Data-driven processing • Perceiver starts with small bits of information from the environment that he combines in various ways to form a percept • Would form a perception from only the information in the distal stimulus. • The system works in one direction - what happens at any given point is unaffected by later processing TOP – DOWN APPROACH • Also called theory-driven or conceptually driven processing • Perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations guide the selection and combination of the information in the pattern recognition process • Work their way down to the sensory data 28 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO PERCEPTION Template Matching Theory Prototype Matching Approach Featural Analysis Approach Direct Perception 29
4 TEMPLATE MATCHING THEORY • Stimulus (incoming information) compared to previously stored pattern/template • Templates are highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize. • Looks for exact match • Implies that millions of templates are stored somewhere in knowledge base DOES TEMPLATE MATCHING EXIST IN THE REAL WORLD ? Galotti 30 TEMPLATE MATCHING : SUMMARY Critique: • Requires a perfect match for every stimuli to be recognized stimuli • Can’t indicate when and how templates are created and how we keep track of them • Can’t account for recognition of degraded stimuli / unfamiliar orientations – there can’t be prior knowledge that the stimuli needs adjustment prior to matching • Can’t account for why different stimuli can be recognized as the same thing • Works only with relatively clean stimuli, for which we know ahead of time what templates may be relevant; but not “noisy stimuli” Galotti 31