Tiêu đề What causes kidney stones - Arash Shadman - Học sinh.pdf ✅

T h ầ y H i ệ p S Đ T : 0 9 0 6 1 1 5 1 7 1 Page 1 of 2 The biggest kidney stone on record (1) ______________ more than a kilogram and was (2) ______ centimeters in (3) ____________. The patient didn’t actually (4) ____________ a stone the size of a coconut. Kidney stones form inside the body, but unfortunately, they’re extremely (5) ____________ to get out. A kidney stone is a hard (6) ____________ of crystals that can form in the kidneys, ureters, (7) ____________ or urethra. Urine contains (8) ____________ that consist of calcium, sodium, potassium, oxalate, uric acid, and phosphate. If the levels of these (9) ____________ get too high, or if urine becomes too (10) ____________ or basic, the particles can (11) ____________ together and (12) ____________. Unless the problem is (13) ____________, the crystals will gradually grow over a few weeks, months, or even years, forming a (14) ____________ stone. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of (15) ____________ to form this way, and (16) ____________ for about (17) ______ percent of kidney stones. Less common kidney stones are made of calcium phosphate, or uric (18) _______. A slightly different type of stone made of the (19) ____________ magnesium ammonium phosphate, or struvite, can be caused by bacterial (20) ____________. And even rarer stones can result from genetic (21) ____________ or certain (22) ____________. A kidney stone can go (23) ____________ until it starts to move. When a stone travels through the kidney and into the ureter, its sharp (24) ____________ scratch the walls of the urinary (25) _______. Nerve endings embedded in this tissue transmit (26) ________________ pain signals through the (27) ____________ system. And the scratches can send blood (28) ____________ into the urine. This can be (29) ________________ by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and a burning (30) _______________ while urinating. If a stone gets big enough to actually block the flow of (31) ____________, it can create an infection or back (32) ____________, and damage the kidneys themselves. But most kidney stones don’t become this serious, or even require (33) ____________ treatment. Mass is less than (34) _____ millimeters in diameter will usually (35) _________ out of the body on their own. A doctor will often simply recommend (36) ____________ large amounts of water to help (37) _________ the process along, and maybe taking some pain (38) ____________. If the stone is slightly larger, (39) _______________ like alpha blockers can help by relaxing the (40) ____________ in the ureter and making it easier for the stone to get through. Another medication called potassium citrate can help (41) ____________ the stones by creating a less acidic urine. For medium-(42) ____________ stones up to about (43) ________ millimeters, one option is (44) _______________ them with sound waves. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses high-intensity (45) ____________ of focused ultrasonic energy aimed directly