Tiêu đề Operating System Structure.pdf ✅

2. The lack of distinct divisions between modules makes the structure extremely complex. 3. As layers are linked and communicate with one another, abstraction or data hiding are not present. 4. Layers have access to the operating system's processes, which can change data and cause the operating system to crash. Monolithic structure : The monolithic structure is followed by the earlier Unix operating system. As shown in the figure everything below the system call and above hardware is known as the kernel. The kernel has various functionalities like signal terminal handling character, I/O system terminals drivers file system, swapping, block, input/output system, disk, and tape drivers CPU scheduling page replacement demand paging virtual memory and so on. Here every functionality is packed into one level and this is why it is called a monolithic structure. The problem caused by this is, that in monolithic structures implementations and maintenance become very difficult.