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Code 14 - Page 1 of READING PAPER 14 Time permitted: 60 minutes Number of questions: 40 _________________________________________________________________________ Directions:In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10 Jessii’s just a regular 23-year-old living in Ontario, Canada, with a talent for turning her life into her work, six days a week. ‘My days change depending on if it's the beginning of the week or the end,’ says Jessii. Typically, I’ll spend all of Sunday thinking of ideas and planning videos that I want to film that week. Then, on Monday, I’ll wake up early to start filming. Usually a video will take just over an hour to film, and I try to film around five, so it takes up most of my day. Then, from Tuesday to Friday, I edit them.’ Being a YouTuber isn’t just about making videos. Jessii also spends a few hours a week replying to messages from her subscribers. Sometimes she meets fans in person because, since she passed 700,000 subscribers, people recognise her when she goes out. ‘It’s so funny because I can meet subscribers anywhere and everywhere,’ she says. ‘The other day I went to buy coffee and there was a girl serving me who almost dropped my coffee when she realized it was me. She actually left the coffee shop to meet me in the parking lot to take pictures. It always makes me happy to see them greet me with a huge smile.’ Online life isn’t all wonderful and Jessii used to feel bad when people said negative things about her. ‘Some people online are so quick to write hate comments,’ she explains. Some people said that she has huge cheeks and really thin lips. It made her feel bad until she found strength inside herself. ‘I realised that the things people were hating on were things about myself that I couldn't change. So I decided to love those things and I became more confident in myself.’ Now, she understands that hate comments come from people who don’t feel good about themselves. So, for anyone who wants to start a YouTube channel, there are some things to think about. It should be fun, so one thing you might want to do is turn off the comments so you won’t get any negative ones from people who have nothing better to do. Privacy and being safe

Code 14 - Page 3 of B. channels C. critics D. YouTubers 8. Which of the followings is NOT Jessii’s advice for starters of a YouTube channel? A. The channel should be entertaining. B. You should avoid revealing your real identity. C. You should be crazy and strange D. You should be yourself. 9. What could be the best title for this passage? A. A day in the life of a girl B. Life as a YouTuber C. Online life D. Be yourself! 10. What does Jessii imply in the last paragraph? A. She doesn’t look as nice as she was in the past. B. Being strange could bring you success. C. Ignoring people is the best way to enjoy yourself. D. You can inspire people by just being yourself. PASSAGE 2 – Questions 11-20 Vertical farming is the practice of producing food and medicine in vertically stacked layers, vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated in other structures (such as in a skyscraper, used warehouse, or shipping container). The modern ideas of vertical farming use indoor farming techniques and controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) technology, where many environmental factors can be controlled. These facilities utilize artificial control of light, environmental control (humidity, temperature, gases...) and fertigation. Some vertical farms use techniques similar to greenhouses, where natural sunlight can be augmented with artificial lighting and metal reflectors. Hydroponic systems can be lit by LEDs that mimic sunlight. Software can ensure that all the plants get the same amount of light, water and nutrients. Proper management means that no herbicides or pesticides are required. Opponents question the potential profitability of vertical farming. Its economic and environmental benefits rest partly on the concept of minimizing food miles, the distance that food travels from farm to consumer. However, a recent analysis suggests that transportation is only a minor contributor to the economic and environmental costs of supplying food to urban populations. The analysis concluded that "food miles are, at best, a marketing fad." Thus the facility would have to lower costs or charge higher prices to justify remaining in a city. Similarly, if power needs are met by fossil fuels, the environmental effect may be a net loss; even building low-carbon capacity to power the farms may not make as much sense as simply leaving traditional farms in place, while burning less coal.
Code 14 - Page 4 of With regard to environment, depending on the method of electricity generation used, greenhouse produce can create more greenhouse gases than field produce,largely due to higher energy use per kilogram. Vertical farms require much greater energy per kilogram versus regular greenhouses, mainly through increased lighting. The amount of pollution produced is dependent on how the energy is generated. Greenhouses commonly supplement CO 2  levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate. This increases photosynthesis rates by 50%, contributing to higher yields. Some greenhouses burn fossil fuels purely for this purpose, as other CO 2  sources, such as those from furnaces, contain pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and ethylene which significantly damage plants. This means a vertical farm requires a CO 2  source, most likely from combustion. Also, necessary ventilation may allow CO 2  to leak into the atmosphere. Greenhouse growers commonly exploit photoperiodism in plants to control whether the plants are in a vegetative or reproductive stage. As part of this control, the lights stay on past sunset and before sunrise or periodically throughout the night. Single story greenhouses have attracted criticism over light pollution. Hydroponic greenhouses regularly change the water, producing water containing fertilizers and pesticides that must be disposed of. The most common method of spreading the effluent over neighbouring farmland or wetlands would be more difficult for an urban vertical farm. 11. Where does the practice of vertical farming often take place? A. in a greenhouse B. in distant districts away from major cities. C. in piled or tilted high-rise buildings. D. in cold regions. 12. Which of the followings is a technique of vertical farming? A. Elimination of herbicides and pesticides B. Minimal use of sunlight C. Maximization of human interference D. Automatic clearance of farmland 13. In which paragraph does the author mention the higher productivityof vertical farms? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 14. What does the author mean by mentioning “a marketing fad” in paragraph 2? A. Vertical farming is a presently a fashion in the market. B. Vertical farm growers can no longer rely on transportation cost to advertise their products. C. The economic drawbacks of vertical farms come from the burning of fossil fuels.