Tiêu đề Art & Culture English.pdf ✅

emergence of Buddhist stupas, exemplified by the Sanchi Stupa, and rock-cut caves like those at Ajanta and Ellora, marking a significant development in architectural practices. The Mauryan Empire furthered this evolution with a notable proliferation of stone architecture, highlighted by the Ashokan Pillars and stupas. Subsequently, the Gupta Empire contributed to temple architecture's prominence, as seen in iconic structures like the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh. Key Characteristics: ● Shift from Secular to Sacred: Architecture evolved from secular structures to sacred sites, highlighting the increasing significance of spirituality. ● Cultural Fusion: A fusion of indigenous and foreign styles emerged, especially post-Mauryan, reflecting cultural interactions. ● Community Involvement: Local rulers and communities funded architectural projects, showcasing collective investment in religious and cultural structures. ● Diverse Materials: Initially relying on burnt bricks, ancient architecture expanded to use stone, wood, and iron, demonstrating construction innovations. ● Regional Distinctions: Unique architectural styles developed across regions, with South India showcasing significant artistic expressions in later centuries. Medieval Indian Architecture (1200 A.D. - 1757 A.D.) The medieval period witnessed the emergence of Indo-Islamic architecture, driven by the arrival of Turkish and Mughal rulers. This era was characterized by a unique blend of Indian and Islamic architectural styles. Notable examples from the Delhi Sultanate include the Qutub Minar and Alai Darwaza, which showcase key features such as arches, domes, and minarets. The Mughal emperors, particularly Akbar and Shah Jahan, are renowned for their construction of iconic masterpieces, including the Taj Mahal and Fatehpur Sikri. Meanwhile, in southern India, the Vijayanagara Empire further advanced Hindu temple architecture, exemplified by the towering gopurams and intricately carved pillars of the Virupaksha Temple. Key Characteristics: ● Influence of Islamic Ideas: The interaction with Islamic architectural concepts led to the development of a distinct Indo-Islamic style, as seen in the fusion of designs in the Taj Mahal. ● Architectural Elements: Key features include the use of arches, domes, and minarets, exemplified by the grand arches of the Red Fort and the domes of the Gol Gumbaz. ● Diverse Stone Utilization: A variety of stones, such as red sandstone, grey limestone, and white marble, were employed in construction, showcased in the intricate carvings of the Jami Masjid in Delhi. ● Geometric Shapes: Buildings often transitioned from square to octagonal forms, as illustrated by the octagonal structure of the Qutub Minar. ● Integration of Regional Styles: The synthesis of local architectural traditions with Islamic elements resulted in unique structures, such as the blend of Hindu motifs in the construction of the Hoysaleswara Temple, reflecting a rich cultural exchange. Modern Indian Architecture (1757 A.D. onwards) The modern period was significantly shaped by the influence of European colonial powers, including the Portuguese, French, and British, which introduced new architectural styles such as Indo-Gothic and Neo-Roman. Portuguese architecture is exemplified by the Churches of Old Goa, particularly the Basilica of Bom Jesus, which showcases Iberian architectural influences. Meanwhile, the British brought Indo-Gothic and Neo-Roman styles to India, evident in monumental administrative buildings like the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata and Rashtrapati Bhavan in Delhi. In Puducherry, French colonial efforts emphasized urban planning, resulting in a town designed with a grid layout and wide avenues. Key Characteristics: ● European Styles: Strong influence of European designs, shaping the aesthetic landscape of colonial India. ● Focus on Public Architecture- Significant emphasis on grand public buildings and systematic urban planning. ● Purpose-Driven: Structures were primarily constructed for administrative and commercial functions, reflecting colonial priorities. 2