Tiêu đề Management Information System Complete BCA Notes PDF.pdf ✅

www.ckundan.com.np 1 Unit I: Information and System Concept - Management Information System Data and Information: Introduction: Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instructions or raw material in a formalized manner which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine. Data is represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special character (+, -, /, *, <, >, =, etc.). It needs to be processed before it can be turned into something useful. Data comes in many forms such as numbers, words, symbols, etc. Data relates to transactions, events and facts. On its own; it is not very useful. Information is organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following characteristics: 1. Timely: Information should be available when required. 2. Accuracy: Information should be accurate. 3. Completeness: Information should be complete. Difference between Data and Information: Data Information Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized. When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context to make it useful, it is called information. Data are the facts or details from which information is derived. For data to become information, data needs to be put into context. Each student’s test score is one piece of data. The average score of a class is information that can be derived from the given data. “Data” comes from a singular Latin word, datum which originally meant “Something given.” It has always referred to the act of informing usually regarding education,
www.ckundan.com.np 2 instruction or other knowledge communication. Types of Information: Information is a meaning output or results become from the processed data by using the system to control, analysis, manage and decision making on the particular objects. The types of information can be categorized as: Fig: Classification of Information Classification by Characteristics: 1. Action v/s Non-action Information: The information which includes action is called information. The information which communications only the status of a situation is a non-action information. 2. Recurring v/s Non-recurring Information: The information generated at regular intervals is recurring information. The monthly sales reports and stock statements are recurring information. The financial analysis or report on the market research study is non-recurring information. 3. Internal v/s External Information: The information generated through the internal sources of the organization is termed as internal information while the information generated through the government reports
www.ckundan.com.np 3 and industry survey etc. is termed as external information as the sources of data are outside the organization. Classification by Application: In terms of applications, information can be categorized as: 1. Planning Information: These are the information needed for establishing standard norms and specifications in an organization. This information is used in strategic, tactical, and operation planning of any activity. Examples of such information are time standards, design standards. 2. Control Information: This information is needed for establishing control of overall business activities through a feedback mechanism. This information is used for controlling attainment, nature and utilization of important processes in a system. When such information reflects a deviation from the established standards, the system should induce a decision or an action leading to control. 3. Knowledge Information: Knowledge is defined as "information about information". Knowledge information is acquired through experience and learning, and collected from archival data and research studies. 4. Organizational Information: Organizational information deals with an organization's environment, culture in the light of its objectives. Karl Weick's Organizational Information Theory emphasizes that an organization reduces its equivocality or uncertainty by collecting, managing and using this information prudently. This information is used by everybody in the organization; examples of such information are employee and payroll information. 5. Functional/Operational Information: This is operation-specific information. For example, daily schedules in a manufacturing plant that refers to the detailed assignment of jobs to machines or machines to operators. In a service-oriented business, it would be the duty roster of various personnel. This information is mostly internal to the organization.
www.ckundan.com.np 4 6. Database Information: Database information construes large quantities of information that has multiple usage and application. Such information is stored, retrieved and managed to create databases. For example, material specification or supplier information is stored for multiple users. Classification by Management Hierarchy: 1. Strategic/Supervisor Level Information: Strategic information is concerned with long term policy decisions that define the objectives of a business and checks how well these objectives are met. For example, acquiring a new plant, a new product, diversification of business etc., comes under strategic information. 2. Tactical/Middle Level Information: Tactical information is concerned with the information needed for exercising control over business resources, like budgeting, quality control, service level, inventory level, productivity level etc. 3. Operational/Lower Level Information: Operational information is concerned with plant/business level information and is used to ensure proper conduction of specific operational tasks as planned/intended. Various operator specific, machine specific and shift specific jobs for quality control checks comes under this category. Components/Resources of Information System: Fig: Components/Resources of Information System