Tiêu đề FRB-ICT-Chapter-1-তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তিঃ বিশ্ব ও বাংলাদেশ প্রেক্ষিত.pdf ✅

wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 1 cÖ_g Aa ̈vq wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ Topicwise CQ Trend Analysis GB Aa ̈vq †_‡K wewfbœ †ev‡W© weMZ eQi ̧‡jv‡Z GBPGmwm cixÿvq 30wU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ G‡m‡Q| wb‡Pi ÔBoard Question Analysis As‡k GB Aa ̈vq †_‡K †Kvb mv‡j †Kvb †ev‡W© KZwU cÖkœ n‡q‡Q Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv: †evW© /mvj XvKv ivRkvnx Kzwgjøv h‡kvi PÆMÖvg ewikvj wm‡jU w`bvRcyi gqgbwmsn 2023 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2022 2021 K‡ivbv gnvgvwii Kvi‡Y GBPGmwm cixÿv AbywôZ nqwb| 2020 2019 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 2018 mw¤§wjZ †evW© (2 †mU): 2 2017 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 *we.`a.: 2020 mv‡j GBPGmwm cixÿv AbywôZ nqwb| weMZ mv‡j †ev‡W© Avmv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| `„k ̈Kí-1: mv¤úawZKKv‡j AvaywbK cÖhyw3i Kj ̈v‡Y c„w_ex‡Z e‡mB K...wÎg cwi‡e‡k P›`aåg‡Yi AwfÁZv AR©b m¤¢e n‡”Q| `„k ̈Kí-2: K...wl I cÖwYm¤ú` Dbœq‡b we‡kl cÖhyw3 e ̈env‡i evsjv‡`k GLb Lv‡` ̈ ̄^qsm¤ú~Y©| [PÆMÖvg †evW©- 2023] (K) μv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? (L) ÒcÖhyw3 e ̈env‡ii gva ̈‡g e ̈w3 kbv3KiY Kiv hvqÓ- e ̈vL ̈v Ki| (M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k ̈Kí-1 Gi cÖhyw3wU e ̈env‡ii †ÿÎmg~n eY©bv Kiv| (N) `„k ̈Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw3 evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡Q- Dw3wU we‡kølY Ki| mgvavb: (K) μv‡qvmvR©vwi: μv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva ̈‡g AZ ̈waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A ̄^vfvweK Ges †ivMvμvšÍ wUmy ̈ aŸsm Kiv nq| (L) cÖhyw3 e ̈env‡ii gva ̈‡g e ̈w3 kbv3KiY m¤¢e| e ̈w3 kbv3Ki‡Yi cÖhyw3wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUa·| ev‡qv‡gwUa· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw3 †hLv‡b †Kvb e ̈w3i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó ̈i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqev‡e wPwýZ ev kbv3 Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡b ev‡qv‡gwUa·‡K e ̈w3 kbv3KiY Ges †Kvb wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿‡Yi †K.kj wnmv‡e e ̈envi Kiv nq| GB c×wZi gva ̈‡g ev‡qv‡gwUa· wWfvBm ̧‡jv e ̈enviKvix‡`i †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg, wm‡÷g ev Kÿ e ̈env‡ii AbygwZ w`‡q _v‡K| m‡›`nfvRb e ̈w3‡`i GKwU `j n‡Z KvD‡K Avjv`vfv‡e kbv3 Kivi Kv‡RI ev‡qv‡gwUaK c×wZ e ̈envi Kiv nq| (M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k ̈Kí-1 Gi cÖhyw3wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qvwjU| cÖK...Z A‡_© ev ̄Íe bq wKš‧ ev ͇̄ei †PZbv D‡`aKKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K f©vPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw3wU e ̈env‡ii wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îmg~n wb¤œiƒc: we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva ̈‡g mvaviY gvbyl fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KjKvwnwb, †c.ivwYK Kvwnwb, KvU©yb, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ ̈vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM ̈Zv †c‡q‡Q| hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿY: fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡q ev ̄ÍegyLx e ̈envi n‡q d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i †hLv‡b •egvwbKiv ev ͇̄e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb cwiPvjbvi ev ̄Íe RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ ̈vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y mswkøó wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq ̈v‡ii gva ̈‡g cÖwkÿY-mswkøó K...wÎg cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i ev ͇̄ei b ̈vq cÖwkÿY †`qv n‡q _v‡K| wkÿv I M‡elYvq: wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©μ‡g RwUj welq ̧‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g wmgy‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva ̈ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc ̄ vcb Kiv hvq| M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc ̄ vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG MUb hv †Kv‡bv Ae ̄ v‡ZB ev ͇̄e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq †m ̧‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva ̈‡g †`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q| wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î: wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi mye„nr cwim‡i Gi e ̈envi e ̈vcK| RwUj Acv‡ikb, K„wÎg A1⁄2-cÖZ ̈1⁄2 ms‡hvR‡b, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ ̈vw`mn bexb kj ̈ wPwKrmK‡`i cÖwkÿY I †ivM wbY©‡q e ̈vcK nv‡i fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e ̈eüZ nq|
2  HSC ICT Chapter-1 mvgwiK cÖwkÿY: fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU gva ̈‡g mwZ ̈Kvi hyׇÿ‡Îi Aven •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| mwZ ̈Kv‡ii hw×Kvjxb wec3⁄4bK cwiw ̄ wZ‡Z •mwb‡Kiv Zv‡`i mwVK KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Av‡MB cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡K| e ̈emv evwY‡R ̈: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ ̄ÍvweZ c‡Y ̈i ̧YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve ̈Zv hvPvB, g~j ̈vqb, wecYb Kg©x cÖwkÿY BZ ̈vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©μ‡g fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e ̈eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec3⁄4bK I ÿwZKi `ae ̈ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SzuwK bv wb‡q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k †m ̧‡jv cixÿv K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq| (N) DÏxc‡Ki `„k ̈Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw3wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva ̈‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wR‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| Avgv‡`i †`‡k dmj Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e ̈cKfv‡e e ̈eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb: mqvweb, cvU, fzÆv, Zzjv, •Zj exR, U‡g‡Uv †cu‡c BZ ̈vw`i wRb •ewkó ̈ cwieZ©b K‡i G ̧‡jvi Drcv`b e„w×, †cvKv-gvKo I Ab ̈vb ̈ DwTM¢`bvkK QÎvK I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki weÁvbx W. gvKmy`yj Avjg cv‡Ui Rxeb inm ̈ D‡¤§vPb K‡ib| hvi d‡j D”P djbkxj, `xN© ̄ vqx I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv m¤úbœ cvU Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj ̈ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GKB fv‡e, AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡b wiKw¤^‡bU DNA Gi e ̈envi e ̈vcK nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw3i mvnv‡h ̈ wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e ̈envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi f ̈vKwmb, ni‡gvb, B›Uvi‡dib, A ̈vw›U‡Rb A ̈vw›UewW cÖf...wZ Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q| Ab ̈w`‡K †ivM kbv3KiY I wRb †_ivwci gva ̈‡g my ̄ - mej wkïi Rb¥`v‡b G cÖhyw3 •ecøvweK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e ̈envi K‡i DwTM¢‡`i AvMvQvbvkK cÖwZ‡ivax wRb cÖwZ ̄ vc‡bi gva ̈‡g DwTM¢‡`‡K AvMvQvbvkK cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| e ̈vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK I bvbv iKg KxUcZ1⁄2 cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ DTM¢ve‡b G M‡elYv mvd‡j ̈i mv‡_ e ̈eüZ n‡q‡Q| GgbwK eZ©gv‡b wiKw¤^‡bU DNA-Gi e ̈envi K‡i D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ wewfbœ AbyRxe m„wó Kiv n‡”Q hv wewfbœ eR© ̈ cqtwb®..vkb, wkí eR© ̈, †Zj BZ ̈vw` cwi‡kva‡bi gva ̈‡g `~lY wbqš¿‡Y mvnvh ̈ K‡i| Gi d‡j Avgv‡`i A‡bK evqy I cvwbNwUZ †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g‡Q| myZivs, `xN© ̄ vqx, fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva m¤úbœ I D”P djbkxj km ̈ Drcv`b, wPwKrmv weÁvb, Ilya •Zwi BZ ̈vw` †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄqvwis we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| 2| ivnevi D”P gva ̈wgK cvm Ki wek¦we` ̈vj‡q fwZ© n‡jv| †m Zvi GK we‡`wk eÜzi KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvij †h, †m‡`‡k wKQz Mvwo i‡q‡Q †h ̧‡jv PjvP‡j Pvj‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ges ̄^qswμqfv‡e iv ̄Ívq PjvP‡j mÿg| ivnevi Zvi wek¦we` ̈vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki mgq AvOy‡ji Qvc w`‡q K ̈v¤úv‡mi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i †`Lj †h, K ̈v¤úv‡mi GKwU wbw`©ó K‡ÿ GK`j wkÿv_©x K ̈vÝv‡ii Dci M‡elYv K‡i‡Q| [wm‡jU †evW©- 2023] (K) μv‡qvwRwbK G‡R›U Kx? (L) wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq ̈v‡ii gva ̈‡g cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| -e ̈vL ̈v Ki| (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Mvwo PjvP‡j e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3 e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3 e ̈vL ̈v Ki| (N) wek¦we` ̈vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3i mv‡_ M‡elYvi Rb ̈ e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3i ZzjbvgyjK we‡kølY Ki| mgvavb: (K) μv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U: μv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvi †iv‡Mi AvμvšÍ ̄ vb I †iv‡Mi aibvbyhvqx wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †c.Qv‡bvi Rb ̈ †hmKj Zij M ̈vm e ̈eüZ nq| Zv‡`i‡K μv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U ejv nq| μv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U wn‡m‡e Zij bvB‡Uav‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, AvM©b, Kve©b-WvB A·vBW BZ ̈vw` M ̈vmmg~n e ̈envi Kiv nq| (L) wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq ̈vi gva ̈‡g KvíwbK wÎgvwÎK cwi‡ek A_©vr fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g mwZ ̈Kvi hyׇÿ‡Î •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i DbœZ I wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| G QvovI †gvUiMvwi, RvnvR, wegvb BZ ̈vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq ̈v‡ii gva ̈‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev ͇̄e †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR ev wegvb Pvjv‡bvi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ev ͇̄ei b ̈vq cÖwkÿY AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| (M) DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ Mvwo PjvP‡j e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU n‡jv †ivewU·| †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq| ÿz`a hš¿vsk •Zwi‡Z †iveU e ̈eüZ nq| KviY Gme ÿz`a hš¿ n‡Z •Zwi Ki‡j mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Ò†iveU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU ̄^qswμq e ̈e ̄ v; hv gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv †mfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev Gi Kv‡Ri aib †`‡L g‡b n‡e Gi K...wÎg eyw×gËv Av‡Q|Ó †iveU K...wÎg eyw×gËvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi †ive‡Ui mKj KvRKg© wbqš¿Y K‡i| mKj †ive‡Ui Kv‡Ri aviv c~e© †_‡K wVK K‡i †`Iqv _‡K| †iveU ïaygvÎ Zv‡K wb‡`©wkZ Kv‡Ri aviv Abyhvqx mvov w`‡q _v‡K| cÖ‡Z ̈KwU KvR‡i Rb ̈ Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e wb‡`©kbv †ive‡Ui †ggwi‡Z •Zwi K‡i w`‡Z nq| †iveU AZ ̈šÍ `aæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb I wbLyu^Z Kg©ÿg GKwU hš¿| GUv GKwU ̄^wbqwš¿Z Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ| †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h ̈ WavBfviwenxb Mvwo‡Z hvZvqv‡Zi Rb ̈ †ive‡Ui g‡a ̈ WavBwfs Gi bvbv wbqg Kvbyb (†hgb: UavwdK wmMb ̈vj, moK wPý, w ̄úW wjwgU, Ifvi‡UwKs, cvwK©s/†bv cvwK©s GjvKv BZ ̈vw`) †cÖvMÖvg Kiv nq| Mvwo‡Z e ̈eüZ wewfbœ ̄.. ̈vbvi Ges †mÝi e ̈envi K‡i †iveU ̄^qswμqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb ̈ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 3 (N) wek¦we` ̈vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3i wd1⁄2vi wcÖ›U ev AvOz‡ji Qvc kbv3KiY c×wZ Ges M‡elYvi Rb ̈ e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó ̈ cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e ̈w3‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv3 Kivi Rb ̈ e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3| kvixie„Ëxq ev‡qv‡gwUaK c×wZi GKwU †K.kj n‡jv wd1⁄2viwcÖ›U| AvOz‡ji Pvc ev wd1⁄2viwcÖ›U n‡jv †Kv‡bv e ̈w3‡K h_vh_fv‡e kbv3 Kivi Rb ̈ D3 e ̈w3i AvOz‡ji Qvc‡K kbv3Kvix GKK wn‡m‡e e ̈envi Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î D3 e ̈w3i AvOz‡ji Qvc c~e© n‡ZB AvOz‡ji Pvc co‡Z cv‡i Ggb †gwk‡bi (wd1⁄2viwcÖ›U wiWvi) mvnv‡h ̈ †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z hLb GKB e ̈w3 wd1⁄2viwcÖ›U wiWv‡i AvOzj iv‡L ZLb †h AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci Pwe •Zwi nq Zv c~‡e© †WUv‡e‡R iwÿZ Qwei mv‡_ wgwj‡q kbv3Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg`vgx, wbivcËv e ̈e ̄ v m„wó Ges cÖPzi †WUv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j AvRKvj wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Kgx© I Ab ̈vb ̈‡`i cÖ‡ek I †ei nevi Rb ̈ wd1⁄2viwcÖ›U wiWvi ̧‡jv e ̈vcKfv‡e e ̈eüZ nq| ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva ̈‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei we‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev †R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb e‡j| wR‡bvg n‡jv †Kv‡bv Rx‡ebi eskMZ •ewk‡ó ̈i Z_ ̈| wRbcÖhyw3 e ̈envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi e ̈vK‡Uwiqv I AYyRxe †_‡K •Zwi n‡”Q Rxeb iÿKvix IlyacÎ| wRb cÖhyw3 e ̈envi K‡i gvby‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUj †iv‡Mi (†hgb: nuvcvwb, K ̈vÝvi, Wvqv‡ewUm BZ ̈vw`) wPwKrmv e ̈e ̄ v Kiv n‡”Q| GB cÖhyw3i ̧iæZ¡c~Y© mvdj ̈ n‡jv wiKw¤^‡bU wWGbG (DNA) •Zwi Kiv hv w`‡q cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv I cwigvY g‡Zv weï× gvbe Bbmywjb I gvby‡li e„w× wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg| 3| GKRb hš¿ cÖ‡K.kjx we‡kl cÖhyw3i gva ̈‡g GKwU †ggwi wWfvBm •Zwi K‡i‡Qb hv AvKv‡i †QvU wKš‧ Z_ ̈ aviY ÿgZv †ewk| wZwb wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Rb ̈ AviI GKwU we‡kl cÖhyw3i mvnv‡h ̈ KvíwbK wÎ-gvwÎK g‡Wj •Zwi Ki‡jb| [w`. †ev. 23] (K) ev‡qv‡gwUa· Kv‡K e‡j? (L) †Kvb cÖhyw3‡Z mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e? e ̈vL ̈v Ki| (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ggwi wWfvBm •Zwii cÖhyw3wU eY©bv Ki| (N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi cÖhyw3wUi h_v_©Zv g~j ̈vqb Ki| mgvavb: (K) ev‡qv‡gwμ·: ev‡qv‡gwUa· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw3 †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e ̈w3i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó ̈i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mbv3 Kiv nq| (L) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw3i gva ̈‡g mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw3i wiKw¤^‡bU DNA Gi gva ̈‡g †hme wRb cywói evnK, djea©b mv‡jvKms‡kølY ÿgZv m¤úbœ Ges mviv eQi djbkxj †mme wRb‡K wewfbœ wbKUeZx© ev `~ieZx© †h‡Kv‡bv DwTM¢` †_‡K msMÖn K‡i Av‡gi Pvivq XzwK‡q w`‡q mviv eQi Av‡gi AvkvZxZ djb cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ggwi wWfvBm •Zwii cÖhyw3wU b ̈v‡bv- †UK‡bvjwR| b ̈v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR ev b ̈v‡bv cÖhyw3 n‡jv cvigvYweK ev AvYweK † ̄..‡j AwZÿz`a wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb ̈ avZe I e ̄‧‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb| eZ©gvb mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw3i mv‡_ b ̈v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi GKwU wbweo m¤úK© weivR Ki‡Q| KviY Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af ̈všÍ‡i AmsL ̈v ÿz`a ÿz`a b ̈v‡bvwgUvi † ̄..‡ji mvwK©U Øviv gvB‡μvcÖ‡mmi •Zwi n‡”Q| eZ©gvb †ggwi‡ZI b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e ̈eüZ n‡”Q| d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ggwii Z_ ̈ msiÿ‡Y ÿgZv w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| †mRb ̈ GLb evRv‡i †UivevBU mvB‡Ri †ggwi wWfvBm cvIqv hv‡”Q| (N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi cÖhyw3wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q K...wÎg ev ̄ÍeZv| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq ̈vi I mdUIq ̈v‡ii gva ̈‡g •ZwiK...Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K...wÎg cwi‡ek hv ev ̄Íe g‡b nq| M‡elYv Kvh©μ‡g RwUj I KwVb welq ̧‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g wmgy‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i M‡elK‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva ̈ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc ̄ vcb Kiv hvq| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Rb ̈ fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU gva ̈‡g K...wÎgfv‡e wWfvBmwUi wÎ-gvwÎK g‡Wj •Zwi Kiv nq| d‡j hš¿ cÖ‡K.kjx wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi RwUj KvR ̧‡jv ev ͇̄ei b ̈vq wÎgvwÎK KvíwbK cwi‡e‡k m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j ev ͇̄e wWfvBmwU Dbœq‡bi mgq †hmKj mgm ̈v n‡Z cv‡i Zv m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †m ̧‡jv Gwo‡q Lye mn‡RB mwVKfv‡e wWfvBmwU Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| A_©vr, M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc ̄ vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb BZ ̈vw` hv †Kv‡bv Ae ̄ v‡ZB ev ͇̄e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq †m ̧‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva ̈‡g †`Lv m¤¢e| myZivs, †ggwi wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Kv‡R fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e ̈env‡ii h_v_©Zv i‡q‡Q| 4| GKwU K‡j‡Ri wkÿv_x©iv K¬v‡m Dcw ̄ wZi mgq GKwU h‡š¿i Dci AvOzj †i‡L Dcw ̄ wZ wbwðZ K‡i| D3 K‡j‡Ri ICT j ̈v‡e cÖ‡e‡ki mgq we‡kl h‡š¿i w`‡K ZvKv‡bvi d‡j `iRv Ly‡j hvq| [w`. †ev. 23] (K) HTML Gwj‡g›U Kx? (L) U ̈v‡Mi ̧iæZ¡ e ̈vL ̈v Ki| (M) DÏxc‡Ki wkÿv_x©‡`i K¬v‡m Dcw ̄’wZi cÖhyw3 eY©bv Ki| (N) DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw3؇qi †KvbwU AwaK wbf©i‡hvM ̈? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
4  HSC ICT Chapter-1 mgvavb: (K) HTML WKz‡g‡›U I‡cwbs ev ïiæi U ̈vM †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i †K¬vwRs ev †kl U ̈vM ch©šÍ mKj wKQz‡K HTML Gwj‡g›U e‡j| (L) ev U ̈vM e ̈envi Kiv nq B›Uvibvj ev G·Uvibvj nvBcviwjsK Kivi Rb ̈| A ̈vsKi Øviv †hgb †b.Kv‡K †eu‡a ivLv nq †Zgwb U ̈vM Øviv GK †c‡Ri mv‡_ Ab ̈ †c‡Ri wjsK Kiv hvq| †hgb: Google. (M) DÏxc‡Ki wkÿv_x©‡`i K¬v‡m Dcw ̄ wZi cÖhyw3wU n‡jv wd1⁄2vi wcÖ›U ev AvOz‡ji †iLv kbv3KiY c×wZ| gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB AwØZxq A_©vr GKRb gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB Ab ̈ †Kv‡bv gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci ev wUcmB‡qi mv‡_ wgj‡e bv| wdsMvi wcÖ›U wiWvi n‡”Q eûj e ̈eüZ GKwU ev‡qv‡gwUaK wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h ̈ gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡K BbcyU wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e© †_‡K msiwÿZ AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q cixÿv Kiv nq| wdsMvi wcÖ›U ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3 e ̈envi Kivi c~‡e©B e ̈enviKvixi AvOz‡ji Qvc †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z GB wiWvi AvOz‡ji bx‡Pi As‡ki Z¡K‡K ixW K‡i msiwÿZ Qv‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i kbv3KiY K‡i _v‡K| wiWviwU Z¡‡Ki wUmy ̈ Ges Z¡‡Ki bx‡Pi i3 mÂvj‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i B‡jK‡Uavg ̈vM‡bwUK c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i| (N) DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw3 `ywU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3i wd1⁄2vi wcÖ›U Ges AvBwik I †iwUbv ̄.. ̈vwbs Øviv e ̈w3 kbv3KiY| cÖhyw3 `ywUi g‡a ̈ wkÿv_x©‡`i K¬v‡m Dcw ̄ wZi cÖhyw3wU AwaK wbf©i‡hvM ̈| K¬v‡m Dcw ̄ wZi Rb ̈ wdsMvi wcÖ›U e ̈envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ‡Z e ̈eüZ wWfvB‡mi `vg Kg ZvB GB c×wZ e ̈env‡ii LiP Zzjbvg~jK Kg wKš‧ mdjZvi nvi cÖvq kZfvM| KviY cÖ‡Z ̈K gvby‡li wdsMvi wcÖ›U m¤ú~Y© ̄^Zš¿ Ges mviv Rxeb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Aciw`‡K ICT j ̈v‡e cÖ‡e‡ki Rb ̈ AvBwik Ges †iwUbv ̄.. ̈vb c×wZ e ̈envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ AZ ̈šÍ e ̈qeûj| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk †g‡gvwi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Pv‡Li Pkgv e ̈envi K‡i GB c×wZ‡Z kbv3KiY Kiv hvq bv d‡j wWfvBm e ̈envi Kivi mgq Pkgv †Lvjvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib GB c×wZ e ̈envi Kivi d‡j †Pv‡Li ÿwZI nq| K ̈v‡givi mvg‡b Av‡jvi ch©vßZvi DciI kbv3KiY wbf©ikxj| 5| wn‡gj WavBj ̈ve •RemsμvšÍ mgm ̈v mgvav‡bi †Póv KiwQj| GKw`b Zvi eÜz Zv‡K GKwU K‡ÿ wb‡q hvq Ges †mLv‡b Zviv gnvk~b ̈ åg‡Yi AwfÁZv jvf Kij|[g. †ev. 23] (K) †ivewU· Kx? (L) AvPi‡Yi gva ̈‡g e ̈w3 kbv3Ki‡Yi c×wZ eywS‡q Ki| (M) wn‡gj †Kvb cÖhyw3i mnvqZv wb‡”Q? e ̈vL ̈v Ki| (N) K‡ÿ †Kvb cÖhyw3i AvkÖq †bqv n‡q‡Q? cÖvZ ̈wnK Rxe‡b f~wgKv g~j ̈vqb Ki| mgvavb: (K) †ivewU·: †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq| (L) AvPi‡Yi gva ̈‡g e ̈w3 kbv3KiY c×wZ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3i GKwU gva ̈g †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e ̈w3i AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó ̈i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv3 Kiv nq| f‡qm wiKMwbkb, wmM‡bPvi †fwiwd‡Kkb I UvBwcs Kx‡÷avK n‡”Q AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó ̈i wfwˇZ ev‡qv‡gwUaK kbv3KiY c×wZi D`vniY| (M) wn‡gj WavBj ̈v‡e •RemsμvšÍ mgm ̈v mgvav‡bi Rb ̈ ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· cÖhyw3i mnvqZv wb‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq ̈vi I cwimsL ̈vbMZ †K.kj e ̈envi K‡i •Re †WUv msMÖn I we‡køl‡Yi gva ̈‡g •Re M‡elYvq e ̈eüZ GKwU DbœZ c×wZ‡K e‡j ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| G‡Z RxeweÁvb msμvšÍ M‡elYv (AvYweK ch©vqmn) I mgm ̈vw` D`NvU‡bi Rb ̈ dwjZ MwYZ, Z_ ̈weÁvb, cwimsL ̈vb, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, K...wÎg eyw×gËv, imvqb I •Re imvqb e ̈envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ev‡qvBbdig ̈vwU· Gi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ n‡jv wb¤œiƒc: g~jZ •RweK c×wZ we‡kølY m¤ú‡K© mg ̈K Ges mwVK aviYv AR©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e ̈eüZ nq| Avi GB •RweK Z_ ̈ wnmve-wbKvk Ges G m¤úwK©Z hveZxq mgm ̈vi mgvav‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw3i e ̈enviI Acwinvh©| Z‡e wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qÝ, †cÖvwUb wm‡Kv‡qÝ BZ ̈vw` MVb Dcv`v‡bi B‡j±awbK †WUv‡eR MV‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw3 we‡klfv‡e e ̈eüZ nq| GQvovI gwjKzjvi †gwWwmb, wRb‡_ivwc, Ilya •Zwi‡Z, eR© ̈ cwi®..viKi‡Y, Rjevqy cwieZ©b M‡elYvq, weKí kw3i Drm mÜv‡b, RxevYy A ̄¿ •Zwi‡Z, wWGbG g ̈vwcs I A ̈vbvjvBwmm, wRb dvBwÛs, †cÖvwU‡bi wg_w®...qv ch©‡eÿ‡Y ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e ̈eüZ nq| (N) wn‡gj I Zvi eÜzi GKwU K‡ÿ Ae ̄ vb K‡i gnvk~b ̈ åg‡Yi AwfÁZvjv‡f Z_ ̈ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw3i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi AvkÖq †bqv n‡q‡Q| cÖK...Z A‡_© ev ̄Íe bq wKš‧ ev ͇̄ei †PZbv D‡`aKKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| cÖvZ ̈wnK Rxe‡b fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi f~wgKv wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv: we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva ̈‡g mvaviY gvbyl fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KíKvwnwb, †c.ivwYK Kvwnwb, KvU©yb, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ ̈vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM ̈Zv †c‡q‡Q| hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿY: fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡q ev ̄ÍegyLx e ̈envi n‡q _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i †hLv‡b •egvwbKiv ev ͇̄e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb cwiPvjbvi e ̄Íve RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ ̈vw` Rvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y