Tiêu đề 4 sanitary and plumbing systems and equipment.pdf ✅

SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT A. WATER SUPPLY 1. SEDIMENTATION – A method of purifying water wherein particles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in a container so that they will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out, leaving these matters in the container. 2. Water is treated by giving CHEMICAL TREATMENTS to kill the harmful bacteria present and to cure the turbid taste or “mud taste”, remove clay, salts, iron, etc. commonly used treating liquids is chlorine. 3. Water is purified by FILTRATION. In various processes, so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter, mud and other particles of matter present in the water, most commonly used materials are sand and gravel. 4. Raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves (strainers) and exposed to air of fine mist to purify it. This is called AERATION method. 5. A PUMP is water equipment used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir. 6. LIFT PUMP consist of a piston traveling up and down within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe extending down into the source. The piston and the bottom of the cylinder are each provided with a valve opening upward. Upon the piston’s upstroke, valve ‘A’ closes and valve ‘B’ opens. Upon the piston’s down stroke valve ‘A’ opens and ‘B’ closes. 7. FORCE PUMP is used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the pump itself. When the plunger (a piston) descends, valve ‘A’ is closed and water in the cylinder is forced out through valve ‘B’ and up to the storage. When the plunger is raised, valve ‘B’ is closed and ‘A’ open to admit water to the cylinder. [A pump that uses pressure to move liquid] 8. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP. This is a kind of pump attached to the end of deep well pipe enclosed in a casing where the pump is capable of functioning while submerged. CESSPOOL (SUMP) - underground container for waste matter: a covered underground tank or well for the collection of waste matter and water, especially sewage. 9. CISTERN TANK. A reservoir, tank or vessel for storing or holding water or other liquids 10. WATER TANK may be used either for the collection of water without consideration of pressure, or for storing water under air pressure or under a static head for future distribution by pneumatic or gravity means. Materials are PVC, G.I., reinforced concrete, stainless steel or plain steel.
11. A SUCTION TANK is a tank constructed of riveted or welded steel plate; the larger tanks often being divided into two compartments. They should be large enough to contain at least one day’s supply for the entire building in case the city main is temporarily shut off. The pipe from the pump to the tank should be across connected to the city main so that the water may be pumped directly from the main in case of fire. These tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank or other pumps suck the water from this tank and not from the public main, so that it will not deprive the neighbors of water due to pressure. 12. PNEUMATIC TANK – A tank using air pressure from a suction tank to distribute water for tall buildings which cannot be reached by normal pressure. 13. UPFEED SYSTEM. Water is distributed from the normal water pressure coming from the public water main, for low rise buildings. 14. DOWNFEED SYSTEM. By gravity, water is distributed from overhead water tanks and is supported either by structural frames or on the roof decks. Fixtures are below the gravity tank. These elevated tanks are installed when normal water supply from main public service pipes is not frequent and when normal pressure from city main is not enough to force the water to the highest fixtures. 15. The pipe from the public water main or source of water supply to the building served is called: SERVICING PIPE. 16. The vertical supply pipe which extends upward from one floor to the next is called a RISER and the horizontal pipes that serve the faucets are called BRANCHES. B. WATER SUPPLY 1. WATER MAIN refers to the public water system laid underground along the streets where the house service is connected. 2. GOOSENECK. One end is 0.30M and the other end is 0.90M long. This prevents the pipe from snapping when the soil settles. [U- shaped?] 3. CORPORATION COCK. A stop valve in a service pipe close to its connection with a water main. 4. BUSHING. A kind of G.I. fitting used as a reducer from a bigger diameter to a lesser diameter. 5. UNION. A G.I. fitting which is used when a pipe has already been installed but dismantling is difficult.
6. Excessive pressure produces a rumbling sound called the WATER HAMMER. This occurs when a valve is suddenly turned off and causes the water to stop, forcing the pipes to shake and to reduce this, an additional 0.30m to 0.90m length of pipe is added to the riser to give air pressure which absorb it. 7. STREET ELBOW or TEE. A kind of G.I. fitting that has one end external threads, while the other end has internal threads. 8. To insure no leakage, a G.I. pipe when threaded has to use lead liquid or TEFLON tape around the thread before tightening the fittings. 9. uPVC means: UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE pipe. 10. GATE VALVES. This consists of a wedge-shaped plug which is screwed down to seat between two brass rings surrounding the inlet pipe so that a double seal is obtained. The inlet and outlet are in a straight line. This valve is used when a normal fully open or closed position is desired. Either end may be used as inlet. 11. CHECK VALVES. These valves are used when it is desired that the flow through a pipe be always in one direction and there is a possibility of a flow taking place in the opposite direction. One type has a pivoted flap which is readily pushed open by the pressure of water from one side but is tightly closed by the force of a reverse flow. 12. CASING. A material used as a covering, such as a pipe bigger than the main pipe of a deep well so that the main pipe can be pulled out for repair. 13. OVERHEAD HEIGHT. This is the vertical distance from the higher source of water or overhead tank to the outlet (faucets, shower head) and is distributed by gravity. 14. WATER TABLE. Subsurface conditions of ground water and rock must be known. Sites with subsurface which are about 1.80m to 2.40m below grade can cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placement and landscaping. This is described as a level underground in which the soil is situated with water. 15. PIPE CHASE. An opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes. 16. When the water supply of a very tall building is designed as a unit, the required capacities or tanks, pumps and pipings become unduly large and excessive pressures are developed in lower portions of the downfeed risers. The buildings therefore are divided into
horizontal sections or GROUPING, and to design the hot and cold water supply systems separately for each. C. FIRE PROTECTION, STORM WATER 1. STANDPIPES & HOSES with separate water reserve or up feed pumping are extremely valuable in any buildings but become highly essential in tall buildings. This system, intended for use by building personnel until the fire engines arrive and thereafter by the trained staff of the fire department. 2. Automatic SPRINKLER systems consist of horizontal pattern of pipes placed near the ceilings of industrial buildings, warehouses, stores, theatres and other structures where the fire hazard requires their use. These pipes are provided with outlets and heads so constructed that temperatures of 55-70 degree Celsius will cause them to open automatically and emit a series of time water sprays. 3. WET PIPE SYSTEM. A system of sprinklers with its pipes constantly filling both mains and distribution pipes. 4. DRY PIPE SYSTEM. Generally confined to unheated buildings, there is no water in the distribution pipes except during a fire. Remote valves may be adequate by sensitive elements to admit water to sprinkler heads. 5. SIAMESE TWIN. An inlet placed outside a building close to ground level, having two openings so that fire engines can pump water to the dry stand pipes and sprinkler system of the building. 6. Sprinkler heads are the ‘quartzoid’ bulb type. The bulb is transparent and contains a colored liquid. At 360 degrees Fahrenheit, the bulb breaks and releases a water stream. One is called UPRIGHT when used above piping when piping is exposed but when it is hidden inside ceilings that show only the bulb it is called PENDENT. 7. The portion of the plumbing system which conveys rainwater to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public STORM DRAIN system and carried to some drainage terminal such as lakes or rivers. 8. PEFORATED PIPE. When the soil is not permeable, and it touches a concrete or hollow block wall of a basement, rainwater will seep on it and may flood. The gravel is placed all around this wall 0.30m wide and about 0.30m below the basement floor rainwater from the gravel towards the drainage terminal. D. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS