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LM01 Market Organization and Structure 2025 Level I Notes © IFT. All rights reserved 1 LM01 Market Organization and Structure 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. The Functions of the Financial System ................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Helping People Achieve Their Purposes in Using the Financial System ............................. 3 2.2 Determining Rates of Return ............................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Capital Allocation Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 5 3. Assets and Contracts ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Classifications of Assets and Contracts ............................................................................................ 5 4. Securities ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 4.1 Fixed Income .............................................................................................................................................. 6 4.2 Equity ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 4.3 Pooled investments ................................................................................................................................. 7 5. Currencies, Commodities, and Real Assets............................................................................................ 7 5.1 Commodities .............................................................................................................................................. 7 5.2 Real Assets .................................................................................................................................................. 7 6. Contracts ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 6.1 Forward Contracts ................................................................................................................................... 8 6.2 Futures Contracts ..................................................................................................................................... 8 6.3 Swap Contracts .......................................................................................................................................... 8 6.4 Option Contracts ....................................................................................................................................... 8 6.5 Other Contracts ......................................................................................................................................... 9 7. Financial Intermediaries .............................................................................................................................. 9 7.1 Brokers, Exchanges, and Alternative Trading Systems ............................................................. 9 7.2 Dealers .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 7.3 Arbitrageurs ............................................................................................................................................10 8. Securitizers, Depository Institutions and Insurance Companies ..............................................10 8.1 Depository Institutions and Other Financial Corporations ..................................................11 8.2 Insurance Companies ..........................................................................................................................11 9. Settlement and Custodial Services ........................................................................................................11 10. Positions and Short Positions ...............................................................................................................12 10.1 Short Positions .....................................................................................................................................12 11. Leveraged Positions..................................................................................................................................13 12. Orders and Execution Instructions .....................................................................................................15 12.1 Execution Instructions......................................................................................................................16
LM01 Market Organization and Structure 2025 Level I Notes © IFT. All rights reserved 2 13. Validity Instructions and Clearing Instructions .............................................................................17 13.1 Stop orders ............................................................................................................................................17 13.2 Clearing Instructions .........................................................................................................................17 14. Primary Security Markets .......................................................................................................................18 14.1 Public Offerings ...................................................................................................................................18 14.2 Private Placements and Other Primary Market Transactions ...........................................19 14.3 Importance of Secondary Markets to Primary Markets ......................................................19 15. Secondary Security Market and Contract Market Structures ...................................................19 15.1 Trading Sessions ................................................................................................................................. 19 15.2 Execution Mechanisms .....................................................................................................................21 15.3 Market Information Systems ..........................................................................................................21 16. Well-Functioning Financial Systems ..................................................................................................21 17. Market Regulation .....................................................................................................................................22 Summary...............................................................................................................................................................23 Required disclaimer: IFT is a CFA Institute Prep Provider. Only CFA Institute Prep Providers are permitted to make use of CFA Institute copyrighted materials which are the building blocks of the exam. We are also required to create / use updated materials every year and this is validated by CFA Institute. Our products and services substantially cover the relevant curriculum and exam and this is validated by CFA Institute. In our advertising, any statement about the numbers of questions in our products and services relates to unique, original, proprietary questions. CFA Institute Prep Providers are forbidden from including CFA Institute official mock exam questions or any questions other than the end of reading questions within their products and services. CFA Institute does not endorse, promote, review or warrant the accuracy or quality of the product and services offered by IFT. CFA Institute®, CFA® and “Chartered Financial Analyst®” are trademarks owned by CFA Institute. © Copyright CFA Institute Version 1.0
LM01 Market Organization and Structure 2025 Level I Notes © IFT. All rights reserved 3 1. Introduction This reading covers the functions of the financial system, the various assets used by financial analysts, the role of financial intermediaries, different positions one can take like short and long, various types of orders, market participants, primary and secondary markets and, finally, the characteristics of a well-functioning financial system. 2. The Functions of the Financial System The financial system includes markets and financial intermediaries that help transfer financial assets, real assets, and financial risk between entities from one place to another, and from one point in time to another. The six purposes people use the financial system for are as follows:  to save money for the future.  to borrow money for current use.  to raise equity capital.  to manage risks.  to exchange assets for immediate and future deliveries.  to trade on information. Three main functions of the financial system are to:  achieve the purposes for which people use the financial system.  discover the rates of return that equate aggregate savings with aggregate borrowings.  allocate capital to the best uses. 2.1 Helping People Achieve Their Purposes in Using the Financial System People often use a single transaction to achieve more than one of the six purposes when using the financial system. For example, an investor who buys the stock of a bank may be saving for the future, or trading based on research that the stock is undervalued, or trying to benefit from the central bank’s policy to slash interest rates in the medium term. Each of the six purposes listed earlier are discussed in detail below: Saving Saving is moving money from the present to the future. By saving, we choose not to spend now and make that money available in the future. One common example is people saving for retirement. The financial system offers various instruments such as bank deposits, stocks, and bonds for this purpose. Borrowing Entities like people, companies, and governments often want to spend money now but do not have money. People borrow to buy homes, cars, and education, while companies borrow to fund new projects. Governments borrow to provide better infrastructure, rural development, or other such benefits for its citizens. The financial system facilitates borrowing by aggregating from savers the funds that borrowers require. In simple terms,
LM01 Market Organization and Structure 2025 Level I Notes © IFT. All rights reserved 4 these are known as loans. Raising Equity Capital Companies raise money for projects by selling equity ownership interests. Instead of taking a loan, they sell a certain percentage of ownership in the company to raise funds. The financial system brings together the companies in need of money and entities providing money in the form of investment banks. Investment banks help companies issue equities, analysts value the securities that companies sell, regulators and standards-setting bodies ensure meaningful financial disclosures are made. Managing Risk Entities face financial risks related to exchange rates, interest rates, and raw material prices and might want to hedge these risks. Example of financial risk management: Consider a sugarcane producer (typically farmers) and a sugar-refining firm. The sugar- refining firm purchases sugarcane from the farmers and processes them to produce sugar. The sugarcane season typically lasts 150 days in a year but is based on a variety of factors such as amount of rainfall, temperature, pests, etc. Both the farmer and refining firm are worried about what the prices will be when the sugarcane is ready. The farmer fears it will be lower due to overproduction or poor quality of crop, while the refining firm fears it will be higher because of demand, global commodity prices, and production worldwide. By entering in to a forward contract (discussed in detail in the derivatives reading), they eliminate the uncertainty related to changing prices. Exchanging Assets for Immediate Delivery (Spot Market Trading) People often trade one asset for another if the value of the other asset is more to them. Examples include currencies, carbon credits, and gold. The financial system facilitates these exchanges when liquid spot markets exist, which removes substantial transaction costs. Information-Motivated Trading Information-motivated traders aim to profit from information that they believe allows them to predict future prices. Unlike pure investors, information-motivated traders strive to leverage their information to earn extra return in addition to the normal return expected by investors. Active investment managers are information-motivated traders who, after a thorough analysis, buy under-valued and sell over-valued securities. Pure investors and information- motivated traders differ in their motives and not so much in the risk they take. The primary motive of the latter is to profit from the superior information they possess. 2.2 Determining Rates of Return Saving, borrowing, and selling equity are all means of moving money through time. While savers move money from the present to the future, borrowers and issuers of equity move