Tiêu đề Module3(Topics missing, better to read module text).pdf ✅

Module 3 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS Echolocation: Echolocation is a biological or technological process that involves emitting sound waves and listening to the echoes that bounce back off of objects in the environment to determine their location, distance, and shape. In biology, the use of echolocation by animals has been well-documented for centuries. Ancient Greeks, for example, observed bats using echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark. The scientific study of echolocation in animals, however, only began in the early 20th century, with the pioneering work of British naturalist Donald Griffin. Griffin's research showed that bats were using echolocation to navigate and hunt and helped to lay the foundation for the modem study of biological In technology, the use of echolocation can be traced back to the early days of submarine warfare. During World War I, the British navy developed a primitive form of sonar (known then as "ASDIC") to detect submarines. A comparison of biological echolocation and technological echolocation is given below: Biological Echolocation • Found in various animals such as bats, dolphins, and some species of whales. • It relies on the emission of sound waves, usually in the form of clicks or vocalizations. • Animals emit sound waves and listen for the echoes produced when the sound waves bounce off objects in their environment. • By analyzing the echoes, animals can determine the location, distance, and even the shape of objects around them. • This ability is used for navigation, hunting, and communication in the animal kingdom. • Biological echo location is a natural adaptation that has evolved over millions of years. Technological Echolocation • Replicates the concept of biological echolocation using technological devices. • Utilizes sound waves, typically generated by artificial sources such as sonar or 1 / Whatsapp+91 7975054865 ultrasonic sensors.


Figure: Representing working principle of ultrasonography Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, safe, and painless imaging method that can be used to visualize a wide range of structures within the body, including the organs of the abdomen, pelvis, and chest, as well as the uterus, fetus, and other soft tissues. It is commonly used in prenatal care to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and to diagnose any potential problems. Ultrasonography has several advantages over other imaging methods, including its low cost, ease of use, and lack of ionizing radiation. It is also portable and can be used in a variety of settings, making it a valuable tool for medical professionals. Uses of Ultrasonography Ultrasonography is a versatile imaging method used in many medical applications. Some of the most common uses of ultrasonography include: • Obstetrics and gynecology: Ultrasonography is commonly used to monitor the growth and development of a fetus during pregnancy, as well as to evaluate the reproductive organs and female pelvic organs for conditions such as ovarian cysts, fibroids, and endometrial cancer. • Abdominal imaging: Ultrasonography is used to image the organs of the abdomen, such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys, to diagnose conditions such as liver disease, gallstones, pancreatitis, and kidney stones; - • Musculoskeletal imaging: Ultrasonography is used to image the muscles, tendons, and ligaments to diagnose conditions such as muscle strains, tendonitis, and ligament