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World Physical Geography DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | HYDERABAD: 79960 66663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 | www.ksgindia.com Page 1 Contents Section A: Physical Geography-Lithosphere ...............4 Chapter – 1 Rock .............................................................. 4 Introduction ..........................................................................................4 Igneous Rocks ......................................................................................4 Sedimentary Rocks.............................................................................5 Metamorphic Rocks...........................................................................5 Rock Cycle..............................................................................................6 Chapter – 2 Interior of Earth .......................................... 7 Sources providing information on Earth's interior ...............7 Seismic waves and their role in providing information about Earth's interior.........................................................................7 The chemical and mechanical layering of the Earth's interior.....................................................................................................9 Chemical Layering ..............................................................................9 Mechanical Layering........................................................................11 Variation of temperature with depth .......................................11 Geomagnetism ..................................................................................11 Chapter – 3 Continental Drift Theory & Seafloor Spreading ........................................................................13 Evidence to support continental drift theory:.......................13 Post-Drift Studies..............................................................................13 Conventional Current Theory ......................................................14 Mapping of the Ocean Floor .......................................................14 Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes ..........................14 Concept of Seafloor Spreading...................................................15 Chapter – 4 Plate Tectonics Theory.............................16 The beginning: ...................................................................................16 Postulates of theory.........................................................................16 Major Plates and Minor Plates ....................................................16 Movement of Plates and their Rates ........................................17 Driving Mechanism or Forces responsible for the plate movement............................................................................................17 Plate Interactions, Types of Boundaries and Features Associated............................................................................................17 Tectonic theory and volcanic eruptions ..................................19 Movement of the Indian Plate ....................................................19 Comparison of continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory.................................................................................20 Drawbacks of the Plate Tectonics Theory: .............................20 Chapter – 5 Mountain Building (Orogeny) & Island Formation........................................................................21 Types of Mountains based on their period of origin/age ..................................................................................................................21 Types of Mountains based on their origin or formation process ..................................................................................................21 Plateau...................................................................................................24 Plains ......................................................................................................24 Evolution of the Concept of Geosynclines .............................25 Compression of land.......................................................................26 Tibetan Plateau: Kober's theory..................................................28 Chapter – 6 Volcanism...................................................29 Meaning of Volcanism....................................................................29 Components of a Volcano............................................................29 Concept Related to Volcanism ...................................................30 Effect of volcanism...........................................................................32 Product of Volcanism .....................................................................34 Volcanic Landform...........................................................................36 Intrusive Volcanic topography....................................................36 Extrusive Landforms topography ..............................................37 Minor volcanic forms......................................................................38 Types of Volcanoes .........................................................................38 Volcanic ‘HOTSPOT’ ........................................................................41 Plateau Basalts or Flood Basalts.................................................42 Distribution of Volcanoes .............................................................42 Volcano Glossary..............................................................................43 Chapter – 7 Earthquake................................................. 45 Component of an Earthquake ....................................................45 Earthquake & Related Concept..................................................45 Key Difference between Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale .................................................................................................................49 Comprehensive Study of Mercalli and Richter (Magnitude v/s Intensity).......................................................................................50 Causes of Earthquakes ...................................................................50 Global Distribution of Earthquakes ..........................................53 Effects of Earthquakes....................................................................54 Earthquakes in India........................................................................56 Chapter – 8 Tsunami...................................................... 57 Concept related to Tsunami ........................................................57 Signs along the shoreline .............................................................59 Key difference between Tsunami, Tidal Wave and Normal wave.......................................................................................................59 Causes of Tsunami...........................................................................60 Destruction from tsunami.............................................................60 Impact of tsunami............................................................................61 Case Study – 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ............................61 Tsunami Warning System in India.............................................61 Tsunami Mitigation Strategies....................................................62 Vocabulary ..........................................................................................63 Chapter – 9 Geomorphic Process................................. 64 Endogenic Process:..........................................................................64 Exogenic Processes..........................................................................65 Mass Wasting (Mass Movement) ..............................................66 Gradational Processes ....................................................................67 Erosion processes by rivers..........................................................67 Chapter – 10 Landforms and their Evolution............. 68 Running Water and Fluvial Landforms....................................68 River Valleys........................................................................................68 Waterfalls.............................................................................................69 Types of Waterfalls ..........................................................................69 River Terraces.....................................................................................70 River Meanders .................................................................................70 Alluvial Fans & Cones.....................................................................71 Natural Levees/Embankment......................................................72 DELTA....................................................................................................72
World Physical Geography DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | HYDERABAD: 79960 66663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 | www.ksgindia.com Page 2 Wind And Aeolian Landforms .....................................................73 SAND DUNES .....................................................................................73 FLUVIAL DESERT LANDFORM......................................................74 Limestone and Chalk Landforms (Karst Landforms)..........75 CONDITION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KARST TOPOGRAPHY ....................................................................................75 EROSIONAL LANDFORMS.............................................................75 CAVES OR CAVERNS .......................................................................76 Coastal Landforms............................................................................77 Section B- Atmosphere ...............................................80 Chapter – 11 Structure & Composition of the Atmosphere ....................................................................80 The Atmosphere:...............................................................................80 Composition of Atmosphere .......................................................80 Structure of the Atmosphere.......................................................81 Earth and its layers ...........................................................................81 Homosphere and Heterosphere.................................................82 Temperature and insolation.........................................................82 Solar Energy on Earth......................................................................83 Heat Zones on Earth........................................................................83 Heat Budget of The Earth..............................................................83 ..................................................................................................................84 Temperature .......................................................................................84 Chapter 12: Pressure Belts and Wind System............86 Distribution of pressure on the Earth.......................................86 Atmospheric Pressure Pattern.....................................................86 Pressure Belts .....................................................................................86 FORCES INFLUENCING THE WIND MOTION........................87 Seasonal Variations in The Pressure Pattern.........................88 Forces Affecting the Velocity and Direction of Wind........90 Geostrophic Wind.............................................................................90 Gradient wind.....................................................................................90 Tri -Cellular Circulation Model ....................................................91 Winds Formation & Movement..................................................91 Basic Pressure system and Wind movement ........................92 Wind Convergence and Divergence.........................................93 Classification of Winds ...................................................................93 Primary Winds (Planetary Winds)...............................................93 Easterlies (Polar Winds)..................................................................95 Secondary Winds ..............................................................................95 Tertiary Wind (Local Wind) ...........................................................97 Jet Streams ..........................................................................................98 Geo-Strophic Winds .....................................................................100 Chapter – 13 Clouds.....................................................101 Classification of Clouds ...............................................................101 Chapter – 14 Precipitation..........................................102 Precipitation Process ....................................................................102 Forms of Precipitation .................................................................102 World Distribution of Rainfall...................................................104 Acid Rain and Their Impact .......................................................104 Chapter – 15 Air Masses & Front...............................105 Source of Air Mass ........................................................................105 Classification and Nomenclature of air mass:....................105 Air mass modification...................................................................107 Front ....................................................................................................108 Weather associated with different types of fronts...........109 Influence of Air Mass and World Weather: .........................110 Chapter – 16 Atmospheric Disturbances: Cyclone ..111 Classification of Cyclone .............................................................111 Tropical Cyclones ...........................................................................111 Temperate Cyclones:.....................................................................114 Difference between Tropical and Temperate Cyclones: 116 Western Disturbances and India..............................................116 Polar Vortex or Polar Cyclone...................................................116 Polar Vortex and Climate Change...........................................117 Thunderstorm..................................................................................117 Lightning and Thunder................................................................119 Tornado..............................................................................................120 Chapter – 17 Unusual Weather Phenomena ............121 El Niño.................................................................................................121 La Nina................................................................................................122 El Niño Southern Oscillation .....................................................122 El Niño Modoki ...............................................................................123 Indian Ocean Dipole .....................................................................123 Madden..............................................................................................124 Chapter – 18 Climate classification ...........................125 Koppen's Scheme of Classification of Climate...................125 Tropical (A) Climates:....................................................................127 Arid (B) Climates: ............................................................................127 Meso-thermal (C) and Micro-thermal (D)............................128 Polar (E) ..............................................................................................128 World climate based on Koppen’s classification ..............129 Limitations to Köppen’s system...............................................129 Climatic Classifications.................................................................130 Chapter – 19 Major climatic and natural regions of the world.......................................................................131 Difference between Weather and Climate ..........................131 Factors Controlling Climate .......................................................131 Global Climate Types....................................................................132 The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate- ...........................................133 The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates....134 The Savanna or Sudan Climate-...............................................135 The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Climates .........135 The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean Climate) ..............................................................................................137 The Temperate Continental (Steppe Climate)....................138 The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate................................................................................................138 The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type) Climate................................................................................................139 The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian Type) Climate ...............................................................................................................140 The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian Type) Climate................................................................................................141 The Arctic or Polar Climate ........................................................142 Section C- Hydrosphere............................................ 143 CHAPTER – 20 OCEAN BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY......143