Tiêu đề NCM 113 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS WEEK 4: Health Statistics and Epidemiology https://youtu.be/oPkwtvx5kng - not transcribed FUNCTIONS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY NURSE 1. Implement public health surveillance 2. Monitor local health personnel conducting disease surveillance 3. Conduct and/or assist other health personnel in outbreak investigation 4. Assist in the conduct of rapid surveys and surveillance during disasters 5. Assist in the conduct of surveys, program evaluations, and other epidemiologic studies 6. Assist in the conduct of training course in epidemiology 7. Assist the epidemiologist in preparing the annual report and financial plan 8. Responsible for inventory & maintenance of epidemiology and surveillance unit (ESU) equipment SPECIFIC ROLE OF NURSE DURING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 1. Maintains surveillance of occurrence of notifiable disease 2. Coordinates with other members of the health team during the disease outbreaks 3. Participates in case findings and collection of laboratory specimens 4. Isolates cases of communicable disease 5. Renders nursing care, teaches and supervises giving of care 6. Performs and teach household members method, concurrent and terminal disinfection 7. Gives health teaching to prevent further spreads of disease to individual and families 8. Follow up cases and contacts 9. Organizes, coordinates and conducts community health education campaign/meetings 10. Refers cases when necessary 11. Coordinates with other concerned community agencies 12. Accomplishes and keeps records and reports and submits to proper office/agency. Steps in Outbreak Investigation - Can be adjusted depending on the outbreak, modified to fit the need during actual study. 1. establishing the existence of an outbreak 2. verifying the diagnosis 3. defining and identifying cases 4. using descriptive epidemiology 5. developing hypotheses 6. evaluating the hypotheses 7. implementing control and prevention measures 8. Disseminating/communicating findings FHSIS Manual of Operations (DOH-IMS, 2011) lists and describes the following recording tools ● Individual Treatment Record (ITR) -building block of FHSIS. ● Target Client Lists (TCLs)-second building block of the FHSİS Community Health Nursing ● involve a holistic approach to patient care, intervention are aimed at individuals, families and group within a community Health Tools ● utilized in measuring & analyzing community health problems Demography ● Science of population helps nurse find reasons or rationale why or how a particular population or group is influenced by a variety of factors resulting in vulnerability to diseases ● Science which deals with the study of the human population's size, composition and distribution in space. Sources of Demographic Data 1. Census - official and periodic enumeration of population a. Demographic, economic and social data collected from a specific population group b. Data are collated & synthesized for purpose of determining & exploring trends in terms of population changes & planning programs & services c. Two ways of assigning people when census is being taken i. de jure - people assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of consensus ii. de facto - people assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of consensus regardless of their usual residence 2. Sample surveys: demographic information collected from a sample population a. Obtained data come from small number of people proportionate to the total population b. Results always generalized for the whole population 3. Registration systems - deal with recording vital events in the community (births, deaths, marriages) a. Collected by civil registrar's office deal with recording of vital events in the community b. Vital events: births, deaths, marriages & divorces *Table Survey - lazy type* Population Size ● Number of people in a given place or area of a given time. ● allows nurse to make comparisons about population changes over time ● Helps nurse rationalize the types of health programs or interventions to be provided for the cdiommunity ● Natural Increase = number of births - number of deaths in specified year ● Rate of Natural Increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate in specified year ● Absolute Increase per Year: Measures the number of people that are added to the population per year. ○ Absolute increase per year = (Pt –Po)/t ● Relative Increase: actual difference between two census counts expressed in percent relative to the population size made during an earlier census ○ Relative increase = (Pt-Po)/Po Pt - pop size at later time Po - pop size at earlier time T- number of year between O and P Population composition ● population is characterized in relation to certain variables such as age, sex occupation or educational level ● nurse utilizes data on age & sex composition to decide who among the population groups merits attention in terms of health services and programs ● Sex composition ○ compute for the sex ratio ○ sex ratio compares the number of males to the number of females in the population ○ sex ratio represents the number of males for every 100 females in the population ○ Sex ratio = (number of males/number of females)x100 ● Age Composition ○ Median age divides the population into two equal parts ○ Median age = average age of the total population ○ Dependency ratio = (total population of 0-14 and >65 age group / total population of 15 - 64 age group) x100 ○ If median age is 18: half of population belongs to >10 years, other half belongs to ages below 19 years old ● Age and Sex composition ○ Steps in constructing the pyramid: ■ Compute percentage of population in each age-sex group using total population as de nominator ■ Each age group is represented by a horizontal bar. The first bar represents the youngest age group and drawn at the base of the pyramid I1

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS Life Expectancy: statistical measure estimhates the average number of years a person or population can expect to live based on current mortality rates and other demographic factors ● IN PH: Males: 70.3, Females: 74.3, Both: 72.3 WEEK 5: Epidemiology & The Nurse ● A Discussion: Natural History of Disease: https://youtu.be/iozoQZAXqmk - not transcribed ● A Discussion: Epidemiological Triad: https://youtu.be/kB02z_O__f4 - not transcribed ● A Discussion: Epidemiological Investigation: https://youtu.be/IUUCNgxYADk - not transcribed ● Short Video: Outbreak Investigation: https://youtu.be/RFUEt6DpIUM - not transcribed ● World Health Organization's Innovation for a Faster Outbreak Investigation: https://youtu.be/OPtC8parAas - not transcribed LEC WEEK 8 EPIDEMIOLOGY & HEALTH STATISTICS (LEVEL 2 104 NOTES) To know cause of disease help plan/develop strategies to prevent/control spread especially for high-risk groups ● COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING - involve holistic approach to patient care, interventions aimed at individuals, families and groups within a community. ● HEALTH TOOLS - being utilized in measuring and analyzing community health problems. AGE COMPOSITION ● Median age = ave. age of total population ÷ 2. Ex: Median is 19, therefore half is <19 and half >19 ● Dependency ratio = (total pop of 0-14 & >65 age group / total pop of 15-64 age group) x 100 ○ compare economically dependent (0-14 & >65) with economically productive group of pop (15 -64) HEALTH STATISTICS - Tool estimating extent/magnitude of health needs & problems in community. ● Community- group of people w/ common characteristics/ interests living together w/in territory/geographical boundary. ● help describe health status of people served as basis for developing, implementing, evaluating programs and intervention strategies EPIDEMIOLOGY - study of occurrence & distribution of health conditions (disease, death, deformities/disabilities on human population), concerned w/ study of probable factors that influence development of these health conditions. Leading Causes Of Morbidity (condition of suffering from a disease/medical condition), rate of disease in population. ○ Acute respiratory infection, Acute lower respiratory tract infection and pneumonia ○ bronchitis and bronchiolitis ○ Hypertension, acute water diarrhea ○ Influenza, UTI, TB, injuries ○ other disease of heart Leading Causes Of Mortality (state of being subject to death) DEATHS TALLIED YR. 2020 (575,875 cases) 1. COVID-19 (27,967) 2. Ischemic heart diseases (99,680) 3. Neoplasms/cancer (62,289) 4. Cerebrovascular diseases (59,736) 5. Diabetes (37,265) 6. Pneumonia (32,574) 7. Hypertensive diseases (29,511) MODEL OF DISEASE CAUSATION: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD I. AGENTS of Disease - Any element present or absence which may serve as stimulus to perpetuate a disease process. A. Nutritive Elements 1. Excess Cholesterol 2. Deficiencies Vitamins, Proteins B. Chemical Agents 1. Poisons, Drugs C. Physical Agents 1. Heat, radiation, coldness of environment, population, pollution D.Infectious Agents 1. Viruses -Measles, mumps 2. Bacteria-Pneumonia II. HOST Factors (INTRINSIC) - Influences exposure, susceptibility, or response to agents A. Genetic B. Age C.Sex D.Ethnic groups E. Physiologic status-fatigue, pregnancy F. Immunologic Exposure 1. Active –Immunization, Prior Infection 2. Passive -Maternal antibodies G.Current or Pre-existing disease H.Human Behavior -Personal practices hygiene, behavior towards accessing medical consult III. ENVIRONMENTAL factors (EXTRINSIC) A. Physical: Temperature air, water, housing, Climate, geography B. Biological: 1. Microbial agents, insect, animals, man himself plants 2. Human Pop Density 3. Flora Sources of Food C. Psychosocial Occupation 1. Lifestyle, poverty, education, stress EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION Investigating an Outbreak ● Define what will be studied (is there really an outbreak? What is the particular concern or issue?) ● Find out where the problem is (location) ● Who gets it (victims: adult or young ones?) ● When It is occurring (when did it start? What time of the day?) ● Try to explain why the problem has such a distribution ● Do specific studies to find out how the problem is occurring Importance of Outbreak Investigation 1. Stop the current outbreak from spreading 2. Prevent future similar outbreaks 3. Provide scientific explanation of the event 4. Provide knowledge for the understanding of the disease process 5. React to and calm public and political concerns 6. Train epidemiologists (& other allied health workers) ● Epidemiology is a scientific process. ● Epidemiologists are in the field every day putting their expertise to use and apply their knowledge by using the steps involved in investigating an outbreak. APPLICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY: Elucidation (how to clearly explain) of the Natural History of Disease Natural History of Disease - progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment - Epidemiology- a clear picture of the disease... Stages of Natural History of Disease and Levels of Prevention I3