Tiêu đề 04 DevPsy - Development in Infancy.pdf ✅

04 – Development in Infancy DVPSY | 2024 - 2025 | NOT FOR SALE OUTLINE 1. The Newborn Baby a. Size and Appearance b. Body Systems c. Medical and Behavioral Assessments d. States of Arousal 2. Physical Development a. Growth Patterns b. The Brain and Reflex Behaviors c. Early Sensory Capacities 3. Motor Development a. Milestones b. Perception and Theories 4. Cognitive Development a. Behaviorist Approach b. Psychometric Approach c. Piagetian Approach d. Information-Processing Approach e. Cognitive Neuroscience Approach f. Social-Contextual Approach g. Language Development 5. Psychosocial Development a. Defining Personality b. Emotions c. Developmental Issues d. Relationships e. Moral Development THE NEWBORN BABY SIZE AND APPEARANCE Neonatal Period – a time of transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life ● Boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls ● Distinctive features include a large head and a receding chin ● Fontanels: area on the baby’s head where bones do not meet to allow easy passage (gradually close in the first 18 months) ● Most newborns have thin skin that barely covers the capillaries, giving them a pinkish cast ● Lanugo: fuzzy prenatal hair ● Vernix Caseosa: cheesy varnish, protects the baby against infection ● Witch’s Milk: secretion that leaks from newborn’s breasts, believed to have magical properties BODY SYSTEMS ● Most bodily systems and regulations were accomplished by the mother prior birth ● At birth, the baby’s systems and functions begin to separate during the first 4-6 hours ● Most babies start to breathe as soon as they’re exposed to air ○ Anoxia: lack of oxygen ○ Hypoxia: reduced oxygen supply ○ Most premature babies are susceptible to respiratory problems due to limited air sacs ● Infants excrete meconium during the first few days and have no control over sphincter muscles ● Body temperature is typically maintained via increase of activity ● Neonatal Jaundice: infant jaundice caused by immaturity of the liver Infant Mortality ● The chief causes of neonatal death worldwide are preterm birth complications, childbirth complications, and sepsis ● Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: sudden death of an infant under age 1 ○ Triple Risk Model: SIDS is the result of 3 overlapping factors ○ SIDS will occur only if a vulnerable infant is exposed to a stressor during the critical period MEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS Apgar Scale – first physical assessment that is administered a minute after delivery and 5 minutes after birth ● 7-10 (within 5 minutes): excellent condition ● < 5-7: need help establish breathing ● < 4: needs immediate lifesaving treatment ● 0-3 (10, 15, and 20 minutes after birth): associated to cerebral palsy Brazelton Scale – first neurological and behavioral test that measures the neonate’s responses to the environment ● Identifies strengths and possible vulnerabilities in neurological functioning ● Helps predict future development ● Administered to infants up to 2 months old ● Takes about 30 minutes, and scores are based on a baby’s best performance 1 | @studywithky
BRAZELTON NEONATAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT SCALE Motor Organization Activity level and the ability to bring a hand to the mouth Reflexes State changes, such as irritability, excitability, and ability to quiet down after being upset Attention and Interactive Capacities General alertness and response to visual and auditory stimuli Central Nervous System Instability tremors and changes in skin STATES OF AROUSAL States of Arousal – infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity ● Inborn and highly individual ● Changes in state are coordinated by multiple areas of the brain and are accompanied by changes in the functioning of virtually all body systems ● Marker of neurological organization ● Youngest babies sleep the most and wake up most frequently ○ 0-2 months: sleep 14.5 hours/day, waking 1.7 times/night ○ 0-5 months: nap 3 hours/day ○ Newborns' sleep cycles include 50% active (REM-like) sleep ● At 2 months, longest sleep is 5.7 hours; at 6-24 months, it's 8.3 hours ● By 1 year, babies sleep 12.6 hours/night with 0.7 wakings ● By 1-2 years, naps reduce to 1 hour/day ● 2-year-olds sleep 13 hours/day, including naps ● REM sleep decreases to less than 30% by age 3 and continues to decline PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT GROWTH PATTERNS Principles of Growth ★ Cephalocaudal – growth from top to bottom, head to head ★ Proximodistal – growth from inside out, gross motor control to fine motor control ● Rapid growth in occurs during the 1st year of life and diminishes during the 2nd and 3rd years ● Boys grow larger compared to girls ● Genes and the environment influences the size and appearance ● Teething begins at 3-4 months with the first tooth appearing between 5-9 months ○ Babies generally have 6-8 teeth by their 1st birthday ○ 20 teeth appear by age 2 1⁄2 ● Babies should only consume breast milk or iron-fortified formula for the first 6 months ○ Iron-enriched solid foods can be gradually introduced in the 2nd half of their 1st year ○ Water can also be introduced THE BRAIN AND REFLEX BEHAVIORS Central Nervous System – consists of the brain and the spinal cord The Brain ● The brain growth spurts that begin at the 3rd trimester to 4th year is important to the development of neurological functioning ● During the formative period of early life when the brain is most plastic, the brain is especially vulnerable ● Cerebellum grows the fastest during the 1st year of life ● The Corpus Callosum grows dramatically during childhood and reaches adult size by age 10 ○ Tough tissue that joins that left and right hemisphere (Cerebrum) together ○ Lateralization: specialization of the hemispheres ● Regions of the Cerebral Cortex grow rapidly in the first few months after birth and are mature by 6 months ○ The Frontal Cortex remain immature for several years The Neurons ● As neurons multiply, they undergo complimentary processes of integration and differentiation ● Unused neurons are pruned away to calibrate the developing brain ● Only half of the neurons produced survive and function in adulthood 2 | @studywithky

○ At 7-11 months, their hands become coordinated enough to pick up a tiny object using the pincer grasp ○ By 15 months, the average baby can build a tower of two cubes ○ Around their 3rd birthday, the average toddler can copy a circle fairly well ● Locomotion ○ After 3 months, the average infant begins to roll over deliberately, first from front to back and then from back to front ○ By 6-10 months, most babies begin to get around under their own power by means of creeping or crawling ○ Crawling helps babies learn to judge distances and perceive depth ○ Social Referencing: learn to look to caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening ○ All these developments lead up to the major motor achievement of infancy – walking ○ Humans begin to walk later than other species ○ During the 2nd year, children begin to climb stairs one at a time, run, and jump ○ By age 31⁄2, most children can balance briefly on one foot and begin to jump PERCEPTION ● Visual Guidance: use of the eyes to guide hand movement ○ Young infants can locate unseen objects by sound and memory of the object’s location ○ Younger infants are more likely to correct their reaching movements using proprioceptive feedback and haptic information rather than vision ● Depth Perception: ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions ○ cues involve not only binocular coordination but also motor control ○ Kinetic Cues: produced by movement of the object or the observer ● Haptic perception: ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them ○ At 28 weeks of gestation, infants were able to recognize and remember features of objects that were placed in their hands ○ It is only after babies develop enough hand-eye coordination to reach for objects and grasp them (5-7 months) that they can use their sense of touch effectively to explore the objects within their reach Ecological Theory of Perception – describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts ● Proposed by Eleanor Gibson and James Gibson ● States that each problem space has its own set of information-generating behaviors and its own learning curve ● Views the baby as a small scientist testing out new ideas in each situation ● Based on an experiment conducted by Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson ● Walk and Gibson wanted to see if babies would crawl over a visual cliff when urged Dynamic Systems Theory – views motor development as a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment ● Proposed by Ester Thelen ● Argues that behavior emerges in the moment from the self-organization of multiple components ● This approach also allows for variability in the timeline of individual development COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT BEHAVIORIST APPROACH Behaviorist Approach — concerned with how behavior changes in response to experience, basic mechanics of learning ● Classical Conditioning: learning based on association (prediction) ○ Enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens ○ Ex. How phobias develop ● Operant Conditioning: learning based on reinforcements ○ Reinforcement: increases likelihood of the behavior to occur again ○ Punishment: decreases likelihood of the behavior to occur again 4 | @studywithky