Tiêu đề ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE.pdf ✅

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environmental Science is a dynamic and critical field of study that seeks to understand the intricate relationships between humans and the natural world. Distinction from Environmentalism • Environmental Science ▪ An objective, scientific discipline. ▪ Focuses on research, data collection, analysis, and understanding the natural world and human impacts through rigorous scientific methods. ▪ Aims to provide evidence-based knowledge. • Environmentalism ▪ A social movement or ideology. ▪ Involves advocacy, activism, and public policy efforts aimed at protecting, preserving, and restoring the natural environment. ▪ Motivated by a concern for environmental quality and human well- being. Environmental Ethics and Worldviews Environmental ethics is a philosophical branch that examines the moral foundations of environmental responsibility and explores the values that guide human interactions with the natural world. A. Environmental Ethics • A field of applied philosophy that systematically considers the moral relationship between human beings and the environment. It addresses questions of right and wrong regarding environmental issues. B. Environmental Worldviews: Different ethical perspectives influence how individuals and societies perceive and respond to environmental challenges. 1. Anthropocentrism (Human-Centered) ▪ Holds that humans are the most important species on Earth and that nature exists primarily to serve human needs and interests. ▪ Environmental problems are viewed as problems for human welfare (e.g., pollution affecting human health, resource depletion affecting economic growth). Solutions are sought primarily for human benefit. 2. Biocentrism (Life-Centered) ▪ Argues that all forms of life (not just humans) have inherent value and a right to exist, regardless of their utility to humans. ▪ Emphasizes the intrinsic worth of individual organisms and species. Environmental decisions should consider the well-being of all living things. 3. Ecocentrism (Ecosystem-Centered) ▪ Extends inherent value beyond individual organisms to entire ecosystems, ecological processes, and the biosphere as a whole. It views humans as part of a larger ecological system. ▪ Focus: integrity of ecosystems and natural processes. Environmental problems are seen as disruptions to ecological balance, and solutions aim to restore ecosystem health. C. Environmental Justice: