Tiêu đề Hand Book of Biology WITHOUT LOGO.pdf ✅

1 The Living World Chapter The Living World What is living Taxonomy & Systematics Taxonomic Categories Taxonomic Aids LIVING Living Non Define (with exception) Define (without any exception) Characteristics Growth Reproduction (Not a characteristic feature of living) Metabolism Consciousness Cellular Organization Asexual Reproduction (Uni )parental Sexual Reproduction (Biparental) e.g., mostly multicellular and unicellular organisms e.g., By Budding (Yeast, ) Hydra Regeneration ( ) Planaria Fragmentation – ungi and ilamentous F F algae and protonema of mosses Increase in Mass Increase in Cell Number
Hand Book (Biology) 2 Non Defining Characteristics z Growth + Reproduction → Mutually Inclusive Event → Unicellular z Growth + Reproduction → Mutually Exclusive event → Multicellular Note: z Growth in plant is localised & indefinite (throughout life) z Growth in animal is diffused and definite (up to a limit) Important: z Reproduction is not a characteristic feature of living e.g., mules, worker bees and infertile human. z In living — Growth Irreversible change Intrinsic (occurs due to increase protoplasm) Defining Characteristics (a) Metabolism → Catabolism + Anabolism. It mean some of all catabolic and anabolic reactions in our body. In vitro → Not a living thing but is a living reaction. Metabolism is a characteristic feature of living things inside a cell. (b) Cellular Organisation → Metabolic reaction inside the cell, it mean cellular organization strictly require for metabolism to define the feature. (c) Consciousness → The state of being aware of what is around you and able to sense environment. Consciousness therefore, become the defining property of living organism. TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS z Identification: Correct description of organism. z Nomenclature: Scientific naming → Binomial nomenclature given by Linnaeus. z Classification: Give a particular position of an organism in a particular taxa. ICBN → International Code for Botanical Nomenclature. ICZN → International Code for Zoological Nomenclature. Binomial nomenclature given by Carolus Linnaeus. Name with two components Generic name Specific epithet System Naturae – written by Linnaeus.
3 The Living World TAXONOMIC CATAGORIES Taxonomic Arrangement All categories together constitute the taxonomic hierarchy. Each category referred to as a unit of classification, infact, represent a rank and as commonly called as taxon (Pl. Taxa): (i) Species: Group of individual with fundamental similarities e.g., nigrum, tigris. (ii) Genus: Group of closely related species e.g., Mangifera (iii) Family: Group of less related genus e.g., Solanaceac (iv) Order: The similar characteristics are less in number as compaired to different genera. Assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characteristics e.g., Polymoniale. (v) Class: Group of related orders e.g., Primata. (vi) Phylum/Division: In division, related plant classes come in group but in case of animal, related classes became a part of phylum e.g., Chordata. (vii) Kingdom: Group of similar phylum or division e.g., Animalia and Plantae. Kingdom ↑ Division/Phylum ↑ Class ↑ Order ↑ Family ↑ Genus ↑ Species TAXONOMICAL AIDS Collection of samples or preserved organisms which help in extensive research for the identification of various taxonomic hierarchy e.g., (i) Herbarium: It is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets (42 × 29 cm). Taxonomic hierarchy
Hand Book (Biology) 4 (ii) Botanical Gardens: Collection of living plant for reference in a specialised gardens e.g., Kew (England), Indian Botanical Garden, Kolkata (W.B.). (iii) Museum: Collection of preserved plants and animal specimens in colleges for study purpose and reference. (iv) Zoological Parks: A place where wild animal kept under human care for learn about food habits and behaviour. (v) Key: Keys are generally analytical in nature. Keys are based on contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. Each statement in the key is called lead. qqq