Tiêu đề Land reform.pdf ✅

1. Abolition of the Intermediaries: Abolition of Zamindari and similar Intermediary during 1950-55 essentially involved removal of intermediary levels or layers between the State and the actual cultivators. 2.5 Crore farmers were brought into direct relationship with the State. This facilitated distribution of 61 lakh hectares of land to landless farmers. 2. Regulation of rent Tenancy legislations have taken three forms (A)Regulation of rent (1/5 th to 1/4th) (B) Providing security of tenure Tenancy Legislations have made it clear that in no case the tenants can be evicted except only in the situation where landlords themselves want to resume cultivation. Even in the event of resumption of cultivation by the owners, tenancy legislations have made it obligatory to leave a minimum area for the tenant. (C) Conferring rights of ownership for tenants. Conferment of ownership rights to tenants in respect of non-resumable land. On the eve of tenancy reforms, the area under tenancy was around 50% which has been reduced to 15% of the operated area by year 2000. 3. Ceiling on Land Holdings To reduce the existing disparities in the pattern of land-ownership and make some land available for distribution to landless agricultural workers. It was envisaged that land above a certain limit would be acquired by the State and redistributed among the landless workers and small farmers so as to meet their hunger for land and, thus, to enable them to create economic holdings 4. Consolidation of Landholdings Converting many small and fragmented holdings into one big farm.it is a process by which farmers are convinced to get, one or two compact farms in place of their fragmented farms. It is a p -allotted them in a way that each gets a single farm of having same total size and fertility like his previous fragmented landholdings 5. Compilation and updation of land records All the details of land are recorded in a systematic manner .The Union government comes up with two schemes in the late 80s: (1)Strengthening of Revenue Administration & Updating of Land Records (SRA&ULR) (2)Computerization of Land Records (CLR)
Later, both schemes merged together into a single scheme NLRMP in 2008. NLRMP- National Land Records Modernization Programme Objectives of land reforms: Redistribution of land across society so that land is not held in the hands of a few people. Land ceiling to disburse surplus land amongst small and marginal farmers. Removal of rural poverty. Abolition of intermediaries. Tenancy reforms. Increasing agricultural productivity. Consolidation of land holdings and prevention of land fragmentation. Developing cooperative farming. To ensure social equality through economic parity. Tribal protection by ensuring their traditional land is not taken over by outsiders. Land reforms were also for non-agricultural purposes like development and manufacturing. Impact of Land Reform: Abolition of middlemen like landlords The powerful class of Zamindars and Jagirdars cease to exist. This reduced the exploitation of peasants who now became owners of the land they tilled. This move was vehemently opposed by the Zamindars who employed many means to evade the law. They registered their own land under Land ceiling With a cap on the size of land holding an individual/family could hold equitable distribution of land was possible to an extent. With only landlord abolition and no land ceiling, the land reforms would not have been at least partially successful. Land ceiling ensured that the rich farmers or higher tenants did not become the new avatar Zamindars.
Land possession Land is a source of not just economic income but also social standing. Land reforms made it mandatory to have records of holdings, which was not the case previously. It is also compulsory to register all tenancy arrangements. Increased productivity More land came under cultivation and since tillers themselves became the landowners, productivity increased. Land reforms were largely successful in the states of West Bengal and Kerala because of the political will of the left-wing governments to implement them efficiently. There was a sort of revolution in these places in terms of land holding patterns and ownership, and also the condition of peasants. The backing slogan was . In Jammu and Kashmir also, there was partial success in the redistribution of land to landless labourers. Reducing inequalities in Rural Area Land reforms, along with other factors like I increased democratization, rising political consciousness and participation and ' mobilization, has played an important role in the reducing inequalities in rural India. 1Landlessness and insecure tenancies forced the majority of the rural population to be dependent on the landed minority which often lead to exploitation. The problem also, has a caste dimension. Generally it is the upper castes which owned most of the land ' while the shudras and the untouchables were mostly tenants and agriculture labourers. Consequently caste based inequalities and oppression is related to land ownership. This situation went against the letter and spirit of the Constitution, which promised 1 justice - social, political and economic. Thus the land reform programme was a step towards the realization of these goals. Limitations of land reforms There are still many small and marginal farmers in India who pray to the clutches of moneylenders and continue to remain indebted. Rural poverty still exists. Land ceiling varies from state to state. Many plantations were exempt from land ceiling act. Many people own Land reforms also include agrarian reforms which deal with measures to improve the productivity of land especially agricultural land. This includes the Green Revolution. To fix the various loopholes in the land reforms, in the late 60s and early 70s, the recommendations of the Central Land Reforms Committee were implemented. The ceiling was lowered according to the crop pattern. It was brought to 54 acres for inferior dry land.