Title 08 PsyAs - Personality.pdf ✅

○ Theoretical Strategy: begins with a theory about the nature of the particular characteristic to be measured ● Empirical Strategies: data collection, statistics, experiments ○ Criterion-Group strategy ○ Factor analytic strategy PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE Acculturation and Related Considerations ● Acculturation: ongoing process by which an individual’s thoughts, behaviors, values, worldview, and identity develop in relation to the general thinking, behavior, customs, and values of a particular cultural group ● Rokeach (1973) differentiated what he called instrumental from terminal values ○ Instrumental Values: are guiding principles to help one attain some objective ○ Terminal Values: guiding principles and a mode of behavior that is an endpoint objective ● Also intimately tied to the concept of acculturation is the concept of personal identity ○ Identity: a set of cognitive and behavioral characteristics by which individuals define themselves as members of a particular group ○ Identification: process by which an individual assumes a pattern of behavior characteristic of other people, and referred to it as one of the “central issues that ethnic minority groups must deal with” ● Worldview: unique way people interpret and make sense of their perceptions as a consequence of their learning experiences, cultural background, and related variables PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT METHODS OBJECTIVE METHODS Objective Methods – contain short-answer items for which the assessee’s task is to select one response from the two or more provided ● Usually administered by paper-and-pencil means or by computer ● May include items written in a multiple-choice, true–false, or matching format ● Scoring is done according to set procedures involving little, if any, judgment on the part of the scorer Logical-Content Objective Tests Woodworth Personal Data Sheet ● The first personality inventory ever developed ● Developed during World War I and published in its final form after the war ● Its purpose was to identify military recruits who would be likely to break down in combat ● Contained 116 questions to which the individual responds “Yes” or “No” ● The items were selected from lists of known symptoms of emotional disorders and from the questions asked by psychiatrists in their screening interviews Early Multidimensional Logical-Content Scale ● Bell Adjustment Inventory ○ Attempted to evaluate the subject’s adjustment in a variety of areas ○ Areas included home life, social life, and emotional functioning ● Bernreuter Personality Inventory ○ Could be used for subjects as young as age 13 ○ Included items related to six personality traits such as introversion, confidence, and sociability ● Mooney Problem Checklist ○ Contains a list of problems that recurred in clinical case history data and in the written statements of problems ○ Submitted by approximately 4000 high-school students Criterion-Group Strategy Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ● MMPI ○ Contained 566 true–false items ○ Designed as an aid to psychiatric diagnosis with adolescents and adults 14 years of age and older ○ Makes use of the T-score ○ Scales ■ Hypochondriasis (Hs) ■ Depression (D) ■ Hysteria (Hy) ■ Psychopathic deviate (Pd) ■ Masculinity-femininity (Mf) ■ Paranoia (Pa) ■ Psychasthenia (Pt) – anxiety, OCD ■ Schizophrenia (Sc) ■ Hypomania (Ma) ■ Social Introversion (Si) ○ Lie Scale (L): 15 items ○ Infrequency Scale (F): 64 items (faking bad) ○ K-Scale: 30 items (defensiveness) ○ Cannot Say Scale (?) ● MMPI-2 ○ More representative standardization sample (normal control group) used in the norming ○ Items were rewritten to correct grammatical errors and to make the language more contemporary, nonsexist, and readable ○ 567 true–false items, including 394 items that are identical to the original MMPI items, 66 3 | @studywithky
items that were modified or rewritten, and 107 new items ○ 18 years old and older ○ The TRIN scale is designed to identify acquiescent and nonacquiescent response patterns. It contains 23 pairs of items worded in opposite forms California Psychological Inventory (CPI), 3rd Edition ● Attempts to evaluate personality in normally adjusted individuals ● Finds more use in counseling settings ● Commonly used in research settings to examine everything from typologies of sexual offenders ● Can be used in normal subjects ● The test contains 20 scales, each of which is grouped into one of four classes ● 434 items ● 13 years old and older Factor Analytic Strategy Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) ● Developed by Raymond Cattell ● Assesses various primary personality traits in order to provide feedback about an individual’s disposition ● Traditionally used by psychologists in a clinical or research setting and more recently by recruitment consultants and prospective employers ● 16 years old and older ● 185 multiple choice items Theoretical Strategy Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) ● One of the best-known and earliest examples of a theoretically derived structured personality test ● The theoretical basis for the EPPS is the need system proposed by Murray ● Ipsative Scoring ● Used in counseling centers ● 16 years to 85 years old Combination Strategy Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) ● Widely used in both clinical and research about personality assessment ● Measure five dimensions of personality and a total of 30 elements or facets that define each domain ○ Neuroticism: taps the aspects of adjustment and emotional stability ○ Extraversion: taps aspects of sociability ○ Openness: openness to experience, active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, intellectual curiosity, independence of judgment ○ Agreeableness: altruism, sympathy, friendliness, and the belief that others are similarly inclined ○ Conscientiousness: active process of planning, organizing and following through ● Designed for use with persons 17 yrs of age and older, self-administered ● Based on the OCEAN ● Participants are asked to respond to 240 items using a 5-point scale ● Has a Filipino Translation PROJECTIVE METHODS Projective Methods – some judgment of the assessee’s personality is made on the basis of performance on a task that involves supplying some sort of structure to unstructured or incomplete stimuli ● Projective Hypothesis: holds that an individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli ● Manner is consistent with the individual’s own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts, and ways of perceiving and responding Rorschach Inkblot Test ● Hermann Rorschach developed what he called a “form interpretation test” using inkblots as the forms to be interpreted ● The Rorschach consists of 10 bilaterally symmetrical (or mirror-image of folded in half) inkblots printed on separate cards ○ Five inkblots are achromatic (meaning without color, or black-and-white) ○ Two inkblots are black, white, and red. ○ The remaining three inkblots are multicolored ● Test comes with the cards only; there is no test manual or any administration, scoring, or interpretation instructions ● There is no rationale for why some of the inkblots are achromatic and others are chromatic (with color) Holtzman Inkblot Test ● Alternative to Rorschach ● Both forms, A and B, of the Holtzman contain 45 cards ● Each response may be scored on 22 dimensions Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ● Originally designed as an aid to eliciting fantasy material from patients in psychoanalysis ● 30 picture cards, all black-and-white, contain a variety of scenes designed to present the test taker with “certain classical human situations” ● Some of the pictures contain a lone individual, some contain a group of people, and some contain no people ● Some of the pictures appear to be almost as real as a photograph; others are surrealistic drawings 4 | @studywithky