Title GRB Organic Chemistry IIT JEE.pdf ✅

CONTENTS . , ¥~ ~. ~ ~ • - - ~ .-..>- > .,,~ " - ,- .~, Chapters ,Introduction to Org~nic Che,mjstry 1.1 Definition of Organic Chemistry (Historical Background) (1); l.2 Justification of Separate Study of Organic Compounds (l); 1.3 Sources of Organic Compounds (2); 1.4 Importance of Organic Compounds (2); 1.5 Bonding in Organic Compounds (2); 1.6 Representation of Organic Molecules (6); 1.7 Polar and Non-Polar Bonds (7); l.8 Hydrogen Bonding in Organic Compounds (9); 1.9 Intermolecular Forces (12); Ll 0 Resonance (12); 1.11 Purification of Organic Compounds (15); 1.12 Criteria of Purity of Organic Compounds (17); Summary (18); Questions (20); Answers (23); ObjeGtive Questions (25); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (31); Answers Objective Questions (32); Brain Storming Problems (33); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (36). Pages 1-38 Molecular Analysis of Organic Compounds 39-65 ;. .,," .. ~ . 2.1 General (39); 2.2 Detection of Elements (Qualitative Analysis) (39); 2.3 Estimation of Elements (Quantitative Analysis) (42); 2.4 Determination of Molecular Mass (47); 2.5 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula (51); 2.6 Molecular Formula of G!1seous Hydrocarbons (52); 2.7 Modem Methods of Structure Elucidation (54); Summary (55); Questions (56); Answers (57); Numerical Problems for Practice (58); Objective Questi9ns (59); Assertion- Reason Type Questions (62); Answers Objective Questions (63); Brain Storming Problems (64); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (65). Q Classific'iltionand N'omenclature of OrganiC Compounds - 66-116 3.1 Classification of Organic Compounds (66); 3.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds (69); 3.3 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (69); Trivial System (69); IUPAC System (74); IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds in Bond'Line Structures (78); 3.4 IUPAC System of Nomenclature of Complex Compounds (80); 3.5 IUPAC Nomenclature of Alicyclic Compounds (88); 3.6 Writing the Structural Formula from the given IUPAC Name (91); Summary (94); Questions (95); Answers (99); Objective Questions (101); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (107); Answers Objective Questions (108); Brain Storming Problems (109); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (1 i 4). Isomerism 117-180 4.1 Introduction (117); 4.2 Chain or Nuclear Isomerism (118); 4.3 Position Isomerism (119); 4.4 Ring-Chain Isomerism (119); 4.5 Functional Isomerism (120); 4.6 Metamerism (120); 4.7 Tautomerism (121); 4.8 Geometrical Isomerism (125); 4.9 Optical Activity (131); 4.10 Optical Isomerism of Lactic Acid (134); 4.11 Optical Isomerism in Tartanc Acid (134); 4.12 Number of Possible Stereoisomers in Compounds Containing Different Number of Asymmetric Atoms (135); 4.13 Resolution of Racemic Mixtures (137); 4.14 Diastereomers (139); 4.15 Fischer Projec'tion Formulae (139); 4.16 Specification of Configuration (140); 4.17 Conformational Isomerism (147); Summary, (150); Questions (152); Answers (156); Objective Q!lestions (160); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (168); Answers Objective Questions (169); Brain Storming Problems (170); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (178). Mechanism of Orgahic Reactions 181-258 5.1 Introduction(181); 5.2 Electronic Displacement in Covalent Bonds (l81); Inductive Effect (l81); Electromeric Effect (185); Resonance and Mesomeric Effect (185); Hyperconjugation (187); 5.3 Fission or Cleavage or Breaking of a Covalent Bond (190); 5.4 Reaction Intennediates (190); Free RadIcals (190); Carbocations (192); Carbanions (193); Carbenes (194); Carbylamine Reaction (196); Reimer-Tiemann Reaction (196); 5.5 Nature of Attacking
(x) Reagents (199); 5.6 Types of Organic Reactions (200); 5.7 Types of Mechanism (202); 5.8 Mechanism of Substitution Reactions (203); Free Radical Substitution Reactions (203); Nucleophilic Substitution (206); Electrophilic Substitution (210); 5.9 Mechanism of Addition Reactions (210); Electrophilic Addition Reactions (210); Addition Reactions in Alkadienes (213); Nucleophilic Addition Reactions (215); Free Radical Addition Reactions (216); 5.10 Mechanism of Elimination Reactions (216); Summary (224); Questions (230); Answers (233); Objectb:.e Questions (236); Asseltion-Reason Type Questions (248);Answers Objective Questions (249); Brain Storming Problems (250); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (255). 6.1 Hydrocarbons (259); 6.2 Saturated Hydrocarbons (259); 6.3 Structural Isomerism in Alkanes (260); 6.4 Natural Sources (occurrence) of Alkanes (260); 6.5 General Methods of Preparation (260); 6.6 General Characteristics of Alkanes (265); 6.7 Petroleum (272); LPG and CNG (Petroleum Gases) (274); 6.8 Artificial Methods for Manufacture of Petrol or Gasoline (274); 6.9 Knocking and Octane Number (275); 6.10 CetaneNumber (276); 6.11 Flash Point (277); 6.12 Petrochemicals (277); Summary (277); Questions (280); Answers (282); Problems Based on Properties and Structure (284); Objective Questions (287); Assertion~Reason Type Questions (293); Answers Objective Questions (293); Brain Stonning Pr.oblems (294); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (296). 7.1 Introduction (298); 7.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes (298); 7 j Isomerism inAlkenes (299); 7.4 Stability' of Alkenes (299); 7.5 General Methods of Preparat~on of Alkenes (300); 7.6 General Characteristics of Alkenes(306); 7.7 Alkynes (323); 7.8 Isomerism inAlkynes (324); 7:9 General Methods of Preparation ofAlkynes (324); 7. 10 General Characteristics ofAlkynes (325); 7.11 Tests of Un saturation (333); Degree of Un saturation (334); 7.12 Inter- , conversions (335); 7.13 Separation of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne (336); 7.14 Distinction Between Alkanes, Alkenes .~ -- and Alk:ynes(337); 7.15 Cycloalkanes (342); 7.16 Baeyer's Strain Theory (343); 7.17 Cycloalkenes(344)~7.18 Dienes (34,4); Summary (350); Questions (356);Answers (361); Problems Based on Structure and Properties (363); Objective Questions (365); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (375); Answers Objective Questions (376); Brain Storming Problems (377); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (386). 8.1 Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes (388); 8.2 Isomerism in Monohalogen Derivatives.(390); 8.3 General Methods of. Preparation of Monohalogen Derivatives (392); 8.4 Properties of Alkyl Halides (395); 8.5 Di-halogen Derivatives (401); 8.6 Tri-halogen Derivatives, Chloroform (402);8.7 Iodoform (405); 8.8 Carbon Tetrachloride (406); 8.9 Unsaturated Halides (407); 8.10 Some More Important Halogen Derivatives (408); 8.11 Organometallic Compounds (411); Summary (413); Questions (418); Answers (423); Problems Based on Structure and Properties (425); Objective Questions (428); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (438); Answers Objective Questions (439); Brain Storming Problems (440); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (445). ' 4484682;", 9.1 Introduction (449); 9.2 Monohydric Alcohols (449); 9.3 Nomenclature (450); 9.4 Isomerism (451); 9.5 General Methods of Preparation of Monohydric Alcohols (453); 9.6 General Characteristics of Alcohols (460);9.7 Methods of Distinguishing Between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols (469); 9.8 Analytical Tests for Alcohols (470); 9.9 Some Commercially Important Alcohols, Methyl Alcohol (470); Ethyl Alcohol (471); 9.10 Alcoholic Beverages andAlcoholometry,(473); 9.11 Interconversions (474); Conversion of Ethyl Alcohol into Various Compounds (476); 9.12 Ethylene Glycol (477); 9.13 Glycerol ( 479); 9.14 Estimation of the number of Hydroxyl Groups in a Polyhydric Alcohoh(4-84);9.15 Unsaturated Alcohols (484); Summary (491); Questions (495); Answers (502); Problems Based .on Structure and Properties (505); Objective Questions (506); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (517); Answers Objective.Questions (518); Brain Stonning Problems (519); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (530) ..
(xi) ·.'·353~565 10.1 Introduction (533); 10.2 Nomenclature (533); 10.3 Isomerism (534); lOA General Methods oL.Preparation (534); 10.5 General Characteristics of Ethers (537); 10.6 Diethyl Ether or Ethoxy Ethane (541); 10.7 Epoxides (Oxiranes)(544);10.8 Crown Ethers (545); Summary (546); Questions (548); Answers (553); Objective Questions (554); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (558); Answers Objective Questions (559); Brain Storming Problems (560); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (564). 'H56~55 ILl Introduction (566); 11.2 NomenclatUre (567); 11.3 Isomerism (568); llA General Methods of Preparation of AldehYQes and Ketones (569); 11.5 General Characteristics (578); 11.6 Tests of Aldehydes and Ketones (Distinction) (601); 11.7 Some Commercially Important' Carbonyl Compounds; Formaldehyde (601); Acetaldehyde (604); Acetone (606); 11.8 POlymerisation and Condensation (608); 11.9 Acrolein (612); Summary (613); Questions (618); Answers (627); Problems. Based on Structure and Properties (630); Objective Questions (632); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (643); Answers Objective Questions (644); Brain Storming Problems (645); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (652); . .(;66&;-712 12.1 Introduction (656); 12.2 Nomenclature (657); 12.3 Isomerism (657); 12.4 General Methods of Preparation (658); 12.5 General Physical Properties (662); 12.6 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids (663); 12.7 General Chemical Characteristics of Fatty Acids (664); 12.8 General Tests for Carboxylic Group (669); 12.9 Formic Acid (669); 12.10 Acetic Acid (670); 12.11 Interconversions (673); 12.12 Dicarboxylic Acids (677); 12.13 Higher Fatty Acids (677); . 12.14 Substituted Carboxylie Acids (679); Summary (681); Questions (683); Answers (687); Problems Based on Structure and Properties (689); Objective Questions (693); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (701); An§wers Objective Questions (701); Brain Storming Problems (702)~ Linked Comprehension Type Questions (711). 13.1 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids (713); 13.2 Nomenclature (714); 13.3 Acetyl Chloride (715); 13A Acetie Anhydride (718); 13.5 Acetamide (719);.13:6 Ethyl Acetate (722)i 13.7 Urea or Carbamide (727); 13.x FatR, Oils and Waxes (732); 13.9 Soap (735); 13.10 Non-soapy Detergents (736); 13.1 1 Waxes (738); Summary (739); Questions (743); Answers (747); Problems Baseq on Structure and Properties (750); Objective Questions ('754); Assertion- Reason Type Questions (760); Answers Objective Questions (760); Brain Storming Problems (761); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (768). 14.1 Introduction of AliphatiC Amines (770); 14.2 Nomenclature (771); 14.3 Isomerism (772); 14A Basic 'nature of Amines (772); 14.5 General Methods of Preparation (774); 14.6 Distinction Between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines (784); 14.7 Conversions (785); 14.8 Introduction of Cyanides and Isocyanides (786); 14.9 Alkyl Cyanides (786); 14.10 Alkyl Isocyanides (788); 14.11 Alkyl Nitrites and Nitro-Alkanes (790); Ethyl Nitrite (790); Nitro Compounds (790); Distinction Between Ethyl Nitrite and Nitroethane (792); Summary (794); Questions (796); Answers (798); Objective Questions (802); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (808); Answers Objective QU,estions (809); Brain Storming Problems (810); Linked Comprehension TypeQuestions (815~. 15.1 Introduction (817); 15.2 Carbohydrates (817); 15.3 Monosaccharides (819); Configuration of Monosaccharides (820); Glucose (821); Fructose (826); Comparison of Glucose and Fruetose (827); 15.4 Interconversions of Monosaccharides (827); 15.5 Disaccharides (829); 15.6 Polysaccharides (Starch and Cellulose) (831); 15.7 Proteins and Amino Acids (832); 15.8 Nucleic Acids (839); 15.9 Funetions of Nucleic acids (842); 15.10 Lipids (843); 15.11
(xii) Our Food (844); 15.12 Balanced Diet (846); Table of Vitamins (847); Summary (848); Questions (850); Answers (853); Objective Questions (855); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (867); Answers Objective Questions (868); Brain Storming Problems (869); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (872). Aromatic Compounds (Benzene and its Derivatives) 874-1032 16.1 Meaning of the Term Aromatic (874); 16.2 Sources of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aromatic Compounds (876); 16.3 General Characteristics of Aromatic Compounds (876); 16.4 Isomerism and Nomenclature of. Benzene Derivatives (878); 16.5 Benzene (881); 16.6 Structure of Benzene (888); 16.7 Directive Influence of Functional Group in Monosubstituted Benzene (892); 16.8 Mechanism of Aromatic Substitution (894); ·16.9 Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Arenes) (899); 16.10 Aromatic Halogen Compounds (910); 16.11 Aromatic Sulphonic Acids (917); 16.12 Aromatic Nitro Compounds (922); 16.13 Aromatic Amino Compounds (926); 16.14 Some Important Derivatives of Aniline (936); 16.15 Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds (938); Derivatives of Phenol (946); 16.16 Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones (950); Benzaldehyde (950); 1.6.17 Acetophenone (958); 16.18 Aromatic Carboxylic Acids (959); 16.19 Some Important Aromatic Acids (963); 16.20 Effect ofSubstituents on Acid Streng;th of Substituted Aromatic Acids (967); Some Typical Aromatic Conversions (968); Questions (978); Answers (988); Problems Based on Structure and Properties (994); Objective Questions (997); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (1022); Answers Objective Questions (1023); Brain Storming Problems (1024); Link~d Comprehension Type Questions (1030). Organi(; Compounds in the Service of Mankind. 1033-1077 17.1 Polymers and Polymerization (1033); 17.2 Classification of Polymers (1035); 17.3 Some Important Polymers (1040); 17.4 Rubber (1043); 17.5 Molecular Mass of Polymers (1045); 17.6 Biopolymers and Biodegradable Polymers (1046); 17.7 Why Do We See Colour (1047); 17.8 Dyes (1047); 17.9·Classification of Dyes (1049); 17. \0 Introduction to Drugs and Chemotherapy (1052); 17.11 Antipyretic and Analgesics (1052); 17.12 Antiseptics and Disinfectants (1053); 17.13 Antibiotics (1054); 17.14 Antimicrobials (1056); 17.15 Anaesthetics (1056): 17.16 Tranquillizers (l057); 17.17 Anti-Malarials (1057); 17.18 Antacids (1057); 17.19 Anti-Histamines (1058); 17.20 Chemicals in Food (l058); 17.21 Rocket Propellants (1059); Questions (1061); Answers (l064); Objective Questions (1065); Assertion-Reason Type Questions (1073); Answers Objective Questions (1073); Brain Storming Problems (1074); Linked Comprehension Type Questions (1076) . .m Problems Based upon Structure and,Reactions of Organic C~mpounds 1078-1095 Aliphatic Compounds (1079); Some Solved Problems (1082); Aromatic Compounds (1088); Some Solved Problems (\090). . Multiple Matching Problems for IIT .. JEE Aspirants
1 ·INTRODUCTION. TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1.1 DEFINITION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (HISTORICAL BACKGROUND) A large number of organic compounds*have been discovered and isolated from natural sources by the first quarter of nineteenth century but till then none of the organic compounds could be prepared in laboratory. This led to believe that organic compounds followed laws. of fonuation different from inorganIc compounds. Berzelius assumed that some vital force (life force) was necessary to prOduce organic compounds and synthesis of these compounds iIi the laboratory was impossible due to the absence of this vital force which only existed in living organisms. . The vital force theory suffered the first deathblow, in 1828, when·. ,¥ohler synthesised first organic compound, urea, in the laboratory by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound). Heat . NH4CNO -~~) NH2CONH2 . Ammonium cyanate Urea Undergo isomeric change, i.e., (molecular rearrangement) Heat . [(NH4hS04 + 2KCNO ) 2NH4CNO+ K2S04] [Pb(~Oh + 2NH40H Heat) 2NH4CNO+Pb(OHh] [NH4CI + KCNO Heat) NH4 CNO + KCI] A further blow to vital force theory was·given by Kolbe, in 1845, when he synthesised acetic acid, the first organic compound, in ·laboratory from its elements and . later by Berthelot, in 1856, who synthesised methane. 2C + H2 Electric) HC=CH Dil. H2S04) arc Acetylene HgS04 CH3 CHO Oxidation) CH3 COOH Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Modern definitiou of organic chemistry : Since, carbon is an .essential constituent of all organic compounds, organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Simplest ~rganic compounds are those which are . composed of carbon and hydrogen only and are called hydrocarbons. Other organic compounds maybe regarded as derivatives of hydrocarbons obtained by replacement· of hydrogen by any other element or group. Thus, organic chemistry may also be defined as the chemistry of hydro- carbons and their derivatives. 1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF SEPARATE STUDY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are studied separately because of the following two points;. . . (i) Large number of organic compounds: Compared with the compounds of other elements, the number of organic compounds is very large. Organic compounds comprise about 90% of all the known compounds. (ii) Unique chemical and physical properties: . Most of the reactions in inorganic chemistry are ionic and· occur rapidly while most of the organic reactions involve covalent : bonds and are relatively slow. The phenomenon ofisomerlsm . and tendency of catenation are unique properties of organic compounds. ·Scheele, in the years 1769-85, isolated taf!aric acid from grapes, citric acid from lemons, malic acid from apples, lactic acid from milk and uric acid from urine, Roulle, in 1773, isolated urea from human urine. Liebig, in 1829, isolated hippuric acid from horse urine and Serturner, in 1805 isolated morphine from opium.