Title NCM 113 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS ■ The bars for males are presented on the left side of central vertical axis; bars for females on the right ■ Length of each bar corresponds to percent of the population falling in the specific age and sex group ● Dependency Ratio ○ Compares the number of economically dependant with the stay productive groups in the population ○ Economically dependent: 0-14 and >65 age groups ○ Economically productive: 15 to 64 age group ○ Dependency ratio represents number of economically dependent for every 100 economically productive Population Distribution ● Distribution of population in space described in terms of urban-rural distribution, population density, crowding index ● Help nurse decide how meager resources can be justifiably allocated based on concentration of population ○ Urban-rural distribution: proportion of the people living in urban compared to the rural areas ○ Crowding index: dividing the number of persons in a household with number of rooms used by the family for sleeping. ■ B High crowding index gres implication to the ease by which communicable disease transmitted from one host to another susceptible host in household ○ Population density: determines how congested a place is and provides implications in terms of the adequacy of basic health services present in the community. ■ Dividing number of people living in a given land area Health Indicators ● Quantitative measures usually expressed as ratios or proportions that describe & summaries various aspects of the health status of the population ● used to determine factors that my corvette to a causation & control of diseases ● indicates priorities for resource monitors implementation of health programme, evaluates outcomes of health programs HEALTH STATISTICS ● A tool in estimating-the extent or magnitude of health needs problems in the community. ● Community - group of people w/ common characteristics or interest living together within a territory or geographical boundary Health Statistical Indicators - to simplify analysis of health status of each individual's in certain population group 1. Fertility Rates a.Crude Birth Rate = (number of live births/midyear population) x 1000 b.General Fertility Rate =(number of live births/Midyear population women (15-44 years of age) ) x 1000 2. Morbidity Rates a.Incidence Rate = (# new cases of disease developing from a period of time / population at risk of developing the disease) X 1000 b.Prevalence Rate = (# old & new cases of a disease / population examined) X 1000 3. Mortality Rates a.Crude Death Rate = (number of deaths / midyear population) x 1000 b.Infant Mortality Rate = (deaths under 1 year of age / number of live births) x 1000 c.Maternal Mortality Rate = (number of deaths due to pregnancy / number of live births) x 1000 d.Specific Mortality Rate = (number of deaths in specified group / midyear population of same specified group) x 1000 EPIDEMIOLOGY ● occurrence health and conditions such or as disease, death, disabilities deformities on human populations ● concerned with the study of probable factors that influence the development of these health conditions ● study of DISTRIBUTION & DETERMINANTS of health related states or events in specified populations, and application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems ● DISTRIBUTION - analysis by time, places and classes of people affected ● DETERMINANTS - all biological, chemical physical, social, cultural economic genetic, and behavioral factors that influence health Crude Birth Rate CBR. ● Measures how fast people are added to the population through births ● Measure of population growth ● >45/1000 live births - high density ● <20/1000 - infertility ● CBR = (number of registered live births in a year / Midyear population) x1000 Crude Death Rate (CDR) ● rates which mortality occurs in a given population ● Factors: age composition of the population, adverse environmental and occupational conditions ● CDR = (Number of deaths in a calendar year/Midyear population) × 1000 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) ● good index of heath in a community because infants are very sensitive to adverse environmental conditions ● high = low levels of health standards (secondary to poor maternal health and child health care, malnutrition) ● IMR = (deaths <1 year of age in a calendar year/Number of live births in the same year) x 1000 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) ● Death of a female from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management during pregnancy and childbirth within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, impective of the duration the site of the pregnancy ● MMR = (Number of death due to pregnancy, delivery, puerperium in a calendar year/number of live births in the same year) x 1000 ● MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW (MDR) ● PREGNANCY TRACKING 1. LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY 2010: a. MORBIDITY: condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition; rate of disease in a population. 1. Acute Respiratory Infection 2. Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Pneumonia 3. Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis 4. Hypertension 5. Acute Watery Diarrhea 6. Influenza 7. Urinary Tract Infection 8. TB Respiratory 9. Injuries 10. Disease of the Heart 2. LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY a. MORTALITY: The state of being subject to death. b. DEATHS TALLIED C.Y.2020 (575,875 cases) i. COVID-19 (27,967) ii. Ischaemic heart diseases (99,680) iii. Neoplasms/cancer (62,289) iv. Cerebrovascular diseases (59,736) v. Diabetes (37,265) vi. Pneumonia (32,574) vii. Hypertensive diseases (29,511) viii. Other heart diseases ix. Chronic lower respiratory diseases x. Remainder of diseases of genitourinary system xi. Respiratory tuberculosis I2