Title Chapter - 2 Tissues.pdf ✅

Tissues Tissues are a group of cells that combine together to perform a particular function. In simple terms, tissue can be defined as a group of cells with similar shape and function are termed as tissues. They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues. The study of tissue is known as histology and study of disease-related to tissue is known as histopathology. The standard tools for studying tissues is by embedding and sectioning using the paraffin block. Types of Animal Tissues Animal tissues are grouped into four types: ● Connective Tissue ● Muscle Tissue ● Nervous Tissue ● Epithelial Tissue The collection of tissues are joined in structural units to serve a standard function of organs. The primary purpose of these four types of tissue differs depending on the type of organism. For example, the origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type also differs.
ChemContent Connective Tissues They are the group of tissues made up of cells separated by non-living material, called as an extracellular matrix. This tissue provides shape to the different organs and maintains their positions. For example, blood, bone, tendon, adipose, ligament and areolar tissues. There are three types of connective tissue: ● Fluid Connective Tissue. ● Fibrous Conctive Tissue. ● Skeletal Connective Tissue. Functions of Connective Tissue The connective tissue functions by providing shape and maintains the position of different organs in the body. It functions as the primary supporting tissue of the body. Other important and the major functions of connective tissue in the body are: ● Insulating. ● Helps in binding the organs together and provides support. ● It protects against the invasions of pathogens by their phagocytic activity. ● Provides shape to the body, conserves body heat and also stores energy. ● It is involved in the transportation of water, nutrients, minerals, hormones, gases, wastes, and other substances within the body. Muscle Tissue They are involved in producing force and generating motion, either for the locomotion or for other body movements within internal organs. There are three types of muscle tissue: ● Skeletal Muscle – they are typically attached to bones
ChemContent ● Cardiac Muscle – found in the heart. ● Visceral or Smooth Muscle – they are found in the inner walls of organs. Functions of Muscle Tissue Muscle tissues are associated with their movements including walking, running, lifting, chewing, picking and dropping objects, etc. The other major functions of muscle tissue in the body are: ● Helps in maintaining an erect position, or posture. ● Helps in the constriction of organs and blood vessels. ● Involved in both voluntary and involuntary movements. ● Involved in pumping blood and regulating the flow of blood in arteries. ● Controls respiration by automatically driving the movement of air both into and out of our body. Nervous Tissue They are the main tissue components of the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system. While, in the peripheral nervous system, the neural tissue forms the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Functions of Nervous Tissue The nervous tissue forms the communication network of the nervous system and is important for information processing. The other major functions of nervous tissue in the body are: ● Response to stimuli. ● Stimulates and transmits information within the body. ● Plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. ● Maintains stability and creates an awareness of the environment. ● Nervous tissue is involved in controlling and coordinating many metabolic activities. Epithelial Tissue They are formed by cells which cover the external parts of the body organs and lines the organ surfaces such as the surface of the skin, the reproductive tract,
ChemContent the airways, and the inner lining of the digestive tract. Functions of Epithelial Tissue ● This tissue performs a wide variety of functions including: ● Play a major role in sensory reception, excretion, filtration and other metabolic activities. ● Provide mechanical strength and resistance to the underlying cells and tissue. ● It is involved in the movement of materials through the process of filtration, diffusion and secretion. ● Protects the internal organs against the invasions of pathogens, toxins, physical trauma, radiation, etc. Epithelial tissues are also involved in secreting hormones, enzymes, mucus and other products from ducts and transporting it to the circulatory system. Levels of Organisation