Title Genetics & Plant Breeding-1.pdf ✅

www.iaritoppers.in Whatsapp : +91-9694095242 Page | 2 Genetic engineering: (AFO-2023)  Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. Important Points:  Father of Botany: Theophrastus  Father of Zoology: Aristotle  Father of Genetics: G. J. Mendle  Effect of pollen on endosperm expression: Xenia  Effect of pollen on seed coat color: Metaxenia  A- Line : Male sterile line  B- Line : Maintainer Line  R- Line : Restorer line  Random change in the gene frequency in a small population due to sampling error is called: Genetic drift  Routine germination checks are done in every: 5-10 years  Conversion of fat to sugar occurs in Glyoxysomes.  Photorespiration occurs in Chloroplast.  Photosynthesis is an Oxidation-Reduction process.  Domestication is the process of bringing a wild species under human management. It is the first step in genetic improvement of a plant species.  Photo system II is absent in C4 plants.  Conversion of fat into carbohydrate is in Glyoxylate cycle.  Precursor of IAA: Tryptophan.  Vevilov proposed the term “primary centers of origin’’  Father of plant physiology: Stephen Hales.  Cobalt is constituent of Vit. B12.  Father of Plant tissue culture: G. Haberland  Inbred: progeny of a single cross fertilized heterozygous individual.  The longest mitotic phase: Prophase.
www.iaritoppers.in Whatsapp : +91-9694095242 Page | 3  Segregation occurs during: Meiosis only  RNA synthesizes in which organ: Nucleolus  An essential factor for germination of seed is: Air  Hybrid varieties exploit maximum Heterosis.  Synthetic varieties having major genetic variability.  Soaking up of water by dry substances due to hydrophilic colloids is: Imbibition  Shrinkage of protoplasm due to outward flow of water in a hypertonic solution: Plasmolysis  The effect of global warming is somewhat good on C4 plants because they are efficient user of CO2.  Emerson & Lewis: They observed that quantum yield declined sharply at wavelength greater than 600 nm in red zone also called red drop.  The cold treatment to a plant bud or seedling in order to fulfill a specific low temperature requirement is known as Vernalisation.  Most abundant chemical present in the cell wall is Lignin.  Accumulation of hormone during stress is: Proline.  Photorespiration occurs in C3 plants in Light only.  Nutrient evolved in the biosynthesis of IAA is: Zn.  Term Vernalization is coined by: Lysenko  The inflorescence of banana is known as Spadix.  The theory of Natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin.  The theory of Acquired selection characteristics was proposed by Lamarck.  Single gene affecting more than one character is known as Pleiotrophy.  Garlic and turmeric are examples of modified stem of Rhizome.  The structure of chromosome can be best observed during: Metaphase  Ribosomes are small cellular particles which are the sites of Protein synthesis.  Aseptic conditions means Pathogen free environment.  An individual having both male and female reproductive organs is known as: Hermaphrodite  Gamete is fertile but still seed is not produced due to: Self – Incompatibility.  Type of male sterility used in hybrid seed production in pearl millet is Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.  A variety resistant to more than one race of pathogen is due to horizontal resistance.  Plant showing less than 5% cross pollination is considered as: Self pollinated  Cell wall of fungi is chiefly made up of Chitin.  A common crop of natural auto-tetraploid grown in India is Potato.  Centrosome present only in animal cell.
www.iaritoppers.in Whatsapp : +91-9694095242 Page | 4  Progeny of a single plant, obtained by asexual reproduction: Clone  Protoplasm = Cytoplasm + Nucleus  The most abundant form of RNA is known as: r-RNA  Bacteriophages are Single strain DNA (virus).  In mitochondria found only 70s types of: Ribosomes  Alternative form of gene is known as Allele.  Tilt 60 is important source of male sterility in: Sorghum  Often cross-pollinated crops are: Cotton, Sorghum  The theory of inheritance was proposed by: G. Mendel  The shortest phase of all mitosis phase is Anaphase.  The site of protein synthesis is Ribosome.  Physical basis of life is Protoplasm.  Onion is modified form of Leaf.  Onion and Garlic are examples of: Bulb.  Most mutant tolerant are polyploids.  Characters which express in one sex only are known as Sex limited traits.  Examples of prokaryotes: cells of Mycoplasm, Bacteria, and Blue Green Algae.  In CAM plants transpiration is negligible since stomata closed during the day.  Physical chromosome exchange (crossing over) takes place in Pachytene.  Closest form of inbreeding possible in self-incompatible species is Sib mating.  Ethidium bromide has been found effective in inducing cytoplasmic male sterility in pearl millet and barley.  The tift 23-A and Kafir-60 are the important source of male sterility in pearl millet and sorghum respectively.  Crossing of F1 with one of its parents: Backcross.  Development of fruits without fertilization: Parthenocarpy.  Autotriploidy is found in Banana.  The lines are homogenous and homozygous in nature are called as pure line.  Pureline is obtained by continuous inbreeding (selfing) in self-pollinated crops.  Science of identifying the sequence of DNA in species: Genomics  PCR techniques provides: Several copies of specific DNA sequence  NaOH test is used for testing the: Karnal bunt disease of wheat  Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell by means of viral vector: Transduction  The study of interactions between antigens and antibodies is called: Serology.