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Module 1 Q.01 a. What is Planning? Explain various steps involved in Planning. Planning is the process of setting goals, outlining strategies, and determining the best course of action to achieve desired outcomes. It involves identifying what needs to be done, when it should be done, who will do it, and how it will be accomplished. Steps in the Planning Process: 1. Setting Objectives: The first step is to define clear, specific, and measurable goals that the organization wants to achieve. Objectives provide a sense of direction for all planning activities. 2. Analyzing the Environment: Managers assess internal and external factors, such as market trends, competition, and resources. This helps identify opportunities and threats that could affect the plan. 3. Identifying Alternatives: Various courses of action are considered to achieve the objectives. For instance, a company may explore options like launching a new product or expanding into a new market. 4. Evaluating Alternatives: Each alternative is analyzed based on its feasibility, cost, and potential risks. This ensures that the most effective and practical option is selected. 5. Selecting the Best Alternative: After evaluation, the most suitable plan is chosen. This decision is based on how well the option aligns with organizational goals and available resources. 6. Implementing the Plan: The chosen plan is put into action by allocating resources and assigning tasks. Clear communication and coordination ensure successful execution. 7. Monitoring and Reviewing: The final step is to track the progress of the plan and compare actual results with the objectives. Adjustments are made if deviations or challenges are identified.
Q.01 b. Explain the roles of a manager. According to Mintzberg's classification, there are three major roles played by a manager: Interpersonal Roles, Informational Roles, and Decisional Roles. Interpersonal Roles: • Figurehead: This role involves attending ceremonies, social functions, and acting as a symbolic head of the organization. • Leader: This role involves motivating and encouraging employees and aligning their individual needs with the organization's goals. • Liaison: This role involves cultivating external contacts and collecting information that benefits the organization. Informational Roles: • Monitor: The manager actively monitors their environment, gathering information through various channels, including personal contacts.
• Disseminator: The manager filters and distributes pertinent information to their subordinates, ensuring they receive necessary updates. • Spokesperson: The manager communicates information about the organization to external parties, such as shareholders, and clarifies rules and responsibilities to their subordinates. Decisional Roles: • Entrepreneur: The manager constantly explores new ideas and opportunities for organizational improvement, potentially leading to new products, services, or work environment enhancements. • Disturbance Handler: The manager acts as a problem solver, addressing both internal and external unanticipated issues. • Resource Allocator: The manager effectively distributes work and delegates authority among subordinates, determining the allocation of resources. • Negotiator: The manager engages in negotiations to resolve internal conflicts, such as trade agreements and strikes, and effectively addresses employee concerns. Q.01 c. Distinguish between Management and Administration. Key Differences Between Management and Administration 1. Definition: o Management: It is the process of executing organizational plans and ensuring goals are met through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.