Title 03. Chapter-3- Nationalism in India.pdf ✅

3 CHAPTER CHAPTER COVERAGE  The First World War, Khilafat and Non Cooperation  Differing strands with in the movement  Towards Civil Disobedience  The Sense of Collective Belonging  Important Terms & Dates ➢ THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION (1) The War created a new economic and political situation. (2) It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by War loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. (3) Through the war years prices increased leading to extreme hardship for the common people. (4) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused wide spread anger. (5) Crops failed in many parts of India. (6) According to the census of 1921,12 to 13 million people perished due to famine and epidemic. (i) The Idea of Satyagraha : (1) Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in January 1915. He had successfully fought the racist ragime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called Satyagraha. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressors. (2) In 1916 Gandhiji travelled to Champaran (Bihar) to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. (3) In 1917 he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure & the plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue. (4) In 1918 Gandhiji went to Ahmedabad to settle the wage case of Cotton Mill Workers through Satyagraha. (ii) The Rowlatt Act : In 1919 Gandhiji decided to launch a Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. This Act was passed hurriedly inspite of the opposition of Indian Members of the Council. It gave enormous powers to the government to repress Indian political activities. Gandhiji started non-violent Civil Disobedience against such unjust laws. (1) On April 6, a hartal was organised. (2) Rallies were organised in various cities. British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritser. (3) On April 10 police fired on a peaceful procession. People started attack on bank, police stations, post offices etc. (4) Martial law was imposed. NATIONALISM IN INDIA


of the sweepers and persuaded to upper classes to change their heart. Civil disobedience Movement was therefore limited particularly in the Maharastra and Nagpur region where their organisation was strong. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits in to the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. He clashed with Gandhiji at the 2nd Round Table Conference by demanding Separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand. Gandhiji began a fast untill death. He told that this demand will slow down the process of the Swaraj. The dalit movement however connected to be apprehensive of the congress led national movement. (2) Muslim organisations were also not so much interested in Civil Disobedience Movement. After the fall of the Non Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large number of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. Because of Hindu religious nationalist groups like Hindu Mahasabha, the relations between Hindu and Muslims worsened. ➢ THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism. (a) Image of Bharat Mata : The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Ravindranath Tagore also painted image of Bharat Mata. (b) Revival of Indian Folklore : Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late 19th century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured village to village together folk songs and legends Natesa Sastri published a massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India”. He believed the folklore was national literature. (c) Icons & Symbols : As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. It was a tricolour with a spinning wheel in the centre. (d) Reinterpretation of History : By the end of 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. Indians began looking in the past to discover India’s great achievements. ➢ IMPORTANT TERMS 1. Anti-partition Movement begun in Bengal in ...................................................................... 7, Aug., 1905 A.D. 2. The partition of Bengal was implemented in ........................................................................16 Oct., 1905 A.D. 3. ‘National Education Council’ was founded in .................................................................... 15 Aug., 1906 A.D. 4. After the Partition of Bengal Tilak was sentenced with two years imprisonment in ......................... 1908 A.D. 5. Attempt was made to assassinate Governor of Bengal...............................................................Dec. 1907 A.D. 6. Muslim league was formed in ............................................................................................................ 1906 A.D. 7. Congress spilt into two wings as Moderates and Extremists.............................................................. 1907 A.D. 8. V.D. Savarkar found revolutionary organization named ‘Abhinove Bharat’ in................................. 1909 A.D. 9. The Morley-Minto Reforms psssed in ............................................................................................... 1909 A.D. 10. Hindu Mahasabha was found in ......................................................................................................... 1909 A.D.