Title PART 5-VIROLOGY INTRO AND DNA VIRUSES (S).pdf ✅

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY WITH PARASITOLOGY: LECTURE PREPARED BY: RACHEL M. ORDOÑEZ, RPh | ULS-PHARMACY INSTRUCTOR | 2ND SEMESTER A.Y. 2023-2024 VIROLOGY VIRUSES • Complexes consisting of __________________ and _________________. • They lack both cellular structure and independent metabolic processes. • _____________________ – mature virus particle ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES Size 25 nm to 250 x 350 nm Genome ___________________________________________________________ Structure Viruses are complexes comprising virus-coded protein and nucleic acid Reproduction ___________________________________________________________ Antibiotics Viruses are ____________________ by antibiotics, but can be inhibited by interferon and certain chemotherapeutic agents. VIRAL STRUCTURE 1. NUCLEIC ACID • A virus particle, is essentially a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell or coat. • Extremely small (15-25 nm in diameter) • Genetic material: o __________________________________________ o __________________________________________ o __________________________________________ o __________________________________________ • Viral genome – consist of a very small number of genes or up to hundreds of genes depending on the type of virus. 2. CAPSID and ENVELOPE • _____________________ – a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid (_______________ – protein subunits) • _____________________ (variable) – it is made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES 1. Viruses have inert nucleic acid; non-living if outside the host cell, living if within a host cell. 2. Obligate intracellular parasite. It requires a living host in order to multiply. 3. Contains a single type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) 4. Contain a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid. 5. Cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells. 6. Lack enzymes for own metabolism like protein synthesis and ATP generation. 7. The presence of lipids in the covering of some viruses make those viruses sensitive to disinfection outside the host cell. VIRAL REPLIACTION AND INFECTING MECHANISM 1. Viruses are intracellular obligate parasites which means that they cannot replicate or express their genes without the help of a living cell. 2. A single virus particle is in and of itself essentially inert. It lacks needed components that cells have to reproduce. When a virus infects a cell, it marshals the cell’s ribosomes, enzymes, and much of the cellular machinery to replicate. 3. The process for double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, and single-stranded RNA viral replication will differ. 4. dsDNA viruses typically must enter the host cell’s nucleus before they can replicate. 5. ssRNA viruses however, replicate mainly in the host cell’s cytoplasm. BASIC PROCESS OF VIRAL INFECTION AND VIRUS REPLICATION 1. _______________________________ – virus binds to the host cells. 2. _______________________________ – virus injects its genome into host cell. 3. _______________________________ – viral genome replicates using the host’s cellular machinery. 4. _______________________________ – viral components and enzymes are produced and begin to assemble. 5. _______________________________ – viral components assemble and viruses fully develop. 6. _______________________________ – newly produced viruses are expelled from the host cell.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY WITH PARASITOLOGY: LECTURE PREPARED BY: RACHEL M. ORDOÑEZ, RPh | ULS-PHARMACY INSTRUCTOR | 2ND SEMESTER A.Y. 2023-2024 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES Based on Tissue Predilection Pneumotropic viruses Influenza virus Adenovirus Rhinovirus Dermatrophic virus Verruca virus Neutrophic viruses Rabies virus Poliovirus Viscerotrophic viruses Hepatitis virus Yellow fever virus Based on Nucleic Acid Type DNA containing viruses Parvoviridae Papovaviridae Hepadnaviridae Adenoviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae RNA containing viruses Paramyxoviridae Caliciviridae Orthomyxoviridae Togaviridae Coronaviridae Enteroviridae Arenaviridae Rhodaviridae Filoviridae Bunyaviridae Retroviridae Picornaviradae Flaviviridae Rhabdoviridae DNA VIRUSES: SINGLE-STRANDED TYPE OF DNA VIRUS VIRUS FAMILY NOTES/REMARKS Single-stranded Parvoviridae • ____________________ - the only single human pathogen type of ssDNA virus. • Among the smallest virus with a diameter of 19-25 um. • Causative agent of “_____________________” also known as “________________________” or “________________________” in children. Double-stranded Papillomavirus (under the family Papovaviridae) • Infect cells in the outer layers of the skin and mucosa and cause various types of warts by means of local cell proliferation. • Involved in the etiology of benign tumors such as warts and papillomas, as well as malignancies mainly in the genital area.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY WITH PARASITOLOGY: LECTURE PREPARED BY: RACHEL M. ORDOÑEZ, RPh | ULS-PHARMACY INSTRUCTOR | 2ND SEMESTER A.Y. 2023-2024 • Since viruses are produced and accumulate in wart tissues, papillomaviruses are transmissible by _________________. Warts can also spread from one part of the body to another through the process called _______________________. Polyomavirus (under the family Papovaviridae) • A medically important polyomavirus, JC virus, causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and BK virus that affects bone marrow transplantation patients. Adenovirus (under the family Adenoviridae) • Nonenveloped, 70-90 nm in size. • Got their name from the adenoidal tissues in which they were first identified. • Causes: (1) __________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________ • Second most frequent diarrhea pathogen in children after rotaviruses. Herpesviridae (1) _____________________________________ – causes: *Vesicular exanthem – fever blisters, herpes labialis, or genitalis *Encephalitis *Herpes neonatorum (2) _____________________________________ – causes: *Chickenpox *Zoster (3) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – infections remain inapparent or harmless in the immunologically healthy, but can cause generalized, fatal infections in immunocompromised individuals. (4) _____________________________________ – causes: *Infectious mononucleosis *Burkitt lymphoma *Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (5) _____________________________________ – causes: *Three-day fever/Roseola/Exanthem subitem/Roseola infantum (6) _____________________________________ – causes: *AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma Poxviridae (1) ____________________________________ – causative agent of smallpox. Hepadnaviridae (1) ___________________________________ (2) ___________________________________