Title NURSING-THEORISTS.pdf ✅

NURSING THEORISTS| THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING 2 #LabaRN NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP: • Orientation: the person and the nurse mutually identify the person's problem • Identification: the person identifies with the nurse, thereby accepting help • Exploitation: the person makes use of the nurse's help • Resolution: the person accepts new goals and frees herself or himself from the relationship. NURSING ROLES: • Stranger Role: Receives the client the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations • Resource Person Role: Answers questions, interprets clinical treatment data, gives information. • Teaching Role: Gives instructions and provides training • Counselling Role: Helps client understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances • Surrogate Role: Helps client clarify domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence • Active Leadership Role: Helps client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment VIRGINIA HENDERSON • “14 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS” • “First Lady of Nursing” • “First Truly International Nurse” • This theory emphasizes the importance of increasing the patient’s independence so that the progress after hospitalization would not be delayed METAPARADIGM OF NURSING: 1. Person: The patient needs assistance to achieve health and independence 2. Health: Requires independence and interdependence because health is more important than care of sick 3. Environment: Nurses should minimize the chances of injury through recommendations regarding building constructions, purchase of equipment and maintenance. 4. Nursing: Nurse functions as a member of the health care team as they have a unique function to help sick and well individuals 14 COMPONENTS OF BASIC NURSING CARE – NEEDS: 1. Breathe normally 2. Eat and drink adequately 3. Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest 6. Select suitable clothes 7. Maintain body temperature 8. Keep body clean and well groomed 9. Avoid dangers in environment and avoid injuring others 10. Communicate with others 11. Worship according to one’s faith 12. Work in such a way there is a sense of accomplishment 13. Play or participate in recreation 14. Learn, discover or satisfy curiosity that leads to normal development and health THE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP • 3 Levels: o Substitute – perform tasks for patient o Helper – assists patient perform tasks o Partner – formulate care plan together, advocate and resource person THE NJURSE-PHYSICIAL RELATIONSHIP • The nurse functions independently from doctors • Implements care plan that promotes the physician’s prescribed therapeutic plan The nurse as a member of health team: Must work independently. NOLA PENDER • “HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL” • Not really a nursing theory per se, but a psychological look at how human beings perceive themselves, their health and their ability to change their lifestyles to promote health BREAKDOWN: 1. Features: this model is based on the idea that human beings are rational, and will seek their advantage in health 2. Function: to show the individual as self-determining, but as also determined by personal history and general characteristics 3. Effects: it puts the onus of healthcare reform on the person, not on the professions 4. Significance: the medical profession is not the main ingredient in living a healthy lifestyle 5. Considerations: as healthcare costs continue to a climb, Pender advocates preventive medicines, which is another word for rational, healthy thinking and therefore, healthy, and rational living ASSUMPTIONS: 1. Individuals seeks to actively regulate their own behavior 2. Individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment 3. Health professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment 4. Self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment interactive patterns is essential to behavior change. MAJOR CONCEPTS: 1. Personal Factors: categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the nature of the behavior being considered. 2. Perceived Benefits of Action: anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior. 3. Activity-related Affect: defined as the subjective positive or negative feeling that occurs based on the stimulus properties of the behavior itself 4. Interpersonal Influences: cognition-concerning behavior, beliefs, or attitudes of the other FAY ABDELLA • “21 NURSING PROBLEMS” • Based on the problem-solving method • Viewed nursing as both an art and a science that molds the attitude, intellectual, competencies, and technical skills of an individual nurse • Used Henderson’s 14 basic human needs to establish classification of the nursing problems
NURSING THEORISTS| THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING 3 #LabaRN METAPARADIGM IN NURSING: 1. Person: All persons have self-help abilities and the capacity to learn, both of which vary from one individual to another 2. Health: A state when the individual has no unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairments 3. Environment: Included in “planning of optimum health on local, state, national, and international levels” 4. Nursing: An all-inclusive service that is based on the discipline of art and science that serves individuals, sick or well, cope with their health needs KEY CONCEPTS OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS: 1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort. 2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rests, and sleep 3. To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury or trauma and the spread of microorganisms. 4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity. 5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells. 6. To facilitate maintenance of nutrition. 7. To facilitate maintenance of elimination. 8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance 9. To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions 10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions 11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function 12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions 13. To identify and accept and interrelatedness of emotions and illness 14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication. 15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship. 16. To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals. 17. To create and maintain a therapeutic environment 18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs 19. To accept the optimum possible goals 20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising illness 21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors NURSING PROBLEMS = Health Needs • Overt – obvious (can be seen) • Cover – unseen (masked) PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS ✓ Identify the problem ✓ Select relevant data ✓ Devise hypothesis ✓ Test hypothesis ✓ Revise hypothesis when necessary based on conclusions obtained from data RESEMBLES OF THE NURSING PROCESS: ❖ A = assessment ❖ D = diagnosis ❖ P = planning ❖ I = implementation ❖ E = evaluation IDA JEAN ORLANDO • “NURSING PROCESS THEORY” • This model explains that the role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patient’s immediate needs for help. METAPARADIGM OF NURSING: 1. Nursing: is responsive to individuals who suffer or anticipate a sense of helplessness 2. Health: sense of adequacy or well being 3. Environment: not defined directly but implicitly in the immediate context for a patient 4. Person: developmental beings with needs where individuals have their own subjective perceptions and feelings that may not be observable NURSING PRPCESS THEORY: 1. Professional Nursing Function: Organizing Principle ✓ Finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate needs ✓ Central core of the nurse is to understand what is happening between the patient and the nurse that provides framework to help the client 2. The Patient’s Presenting Behavior – Problematic Situation ✓ To find out the immediate need for help, nurse must first recognize the situation as problematic ✓ Patient’s behavior stimulates the nurse’s immediate reaction and becomes the starting point of the investigation 3. Immediate Reaction – Internal Response ✓ The reaction comprises of the nurse’s perceptions, thoughts about the perceptions, and the feelings evoked from the thoughts which are uncontrollable 4. Deliberative Nursing Process – Reflective Inquiry ✓ Views the nurse-patient relationship as a dynamic whole ✓ Nurse’s behavior affects the patient, and the nurse is affected by the patient’s behavior ✓ Nurse’s focus must be on the patient rather than on as assumption that he/she knows what the patient’s problems are 5. Improvement – Resolution ✓ When a situation becomes clear, it loses its problematic character and a new equilibrium is established ✓ If the patient’s behavior has not changed, the function of nursing has not been met so the nurse continues with the inquiry process until there is improvement OTHER CONCEPTS: 1. Nursing clients: patients who are under medical care and who cannot deal with their needs or who cannot carry out medical treatment alone 2. Nursing problem: distress due to unmet needs due to physical limitations, adverse reactions to the setting or experiences which prevent the patient from communicating his needs 3. Nursing process: the of 1.the behavior of the patient, 2.the reaction of the nurse, and 3.the nursing actions which are assigned for the patient’s benefit 4. Nurse-patient relations: central in theory and not differentiated from nursing therapeutics or nursing process